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Volume 13 | Issue 10 | Year 2026 | Article Id. IJEEE-V13I10P101 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V13I10P101

Computational Architectures, Cyber-Physical Integration, and Technology Readiness for Remote Wildfire Suppression: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Victor Romero-Alva, Jandra Rojas Chavez, Jonathan Arzapalo-Torres, Linett Velasquez-Jimenez

Received Revised Accepted Published
06 Aug 2026 09 Sep 2026 19 Sep 2026 28 Oct 2026

Citation :

Victor Romero-Alva, Jandra Rojas Chavez, Jonathan Arzapalo-Torres, Linett Velasquez-Jimenez, "Computational Architectures, Cyber-Physical Integration, and Technology Readiness for Remote Wildfire Suppression: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis," International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1-15, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V13I10P101

Abstract

Remote wildfire suppression systems utilize air or ground vehicles, loads, outputs, and computing tools for perception, guidance, planning, management, and communication. But due to differences in structures, it is hard to compare their performance or understand the maturity of cyber-physical systems. The present research investigated the development, technology design, evidence quality, and technology readiness rate of remote wildfire suppression systems. A systematic review following PRISMA 2020 procedures was conducted, as well as a bibliometric analysis of Scopus and IEEE Xplore publications dated from 2005 to July 15, 2026. Of 967 identified records, 6 duplicates were removed, and 961 items went through the screening. The final corpus included 190 records:70 primary core articles, 109 primary auxiliary articles, and 11 secondary articles. The 179 primary articles represented 175 studies. Eight core studies with sufficient information were evaluated by the level of evidence quality and of technology readiness. Five studies provided evidence with moderate quality, while three studies provided evidence with low quality; none of the studies achieved high-quality evidence. The most advanced components included perception, navigation, planning, control, and multi-UAV control, while the least mature were related to payload delivery, release, delivery, and assessment of suppression results. A number of problems remained related to communication continuity, fault tolerance, repeatability, and reliability issues, as well as environment evaluation and end-to-end validation of systems. The research authors suggest a framework for integration which helps distinguish between the maturity of parts and the verified level of performance of the system as a whole.

Keywords

Cyber-Physical systems, Wildfire suppression, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Multi-UAV systems, Technology readiness level.

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