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Volume 13 | Issue 7 | Year 2026 | Article Id. IJME-V13I7P118 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V13I7P118

Review of Visual SLAM: From Geometry to Learning with Challenges and Future Directions

Mahesh Kamble, Deepak Watvisave, Omkar Watvisave, Dattaray Kamble

Received Revised Accepted Published
09 Jan 2026 25 Mar 2026 13 Jul 2026 30 Jul 2026

Citation :

Mahesh Kamble, Deepak Watvisave, Omkar Watvisave, Dattaray Kamble, "Review of Visual SLAM: From Geometry to Learning with Challenges and Future Directions," International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 210-236, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V13I7P118

Abstract

In recent decades, visual SLAM has evolved enormously from geometric approaches to learning-based approaches. There are various algorithms that are used for a variety of scenarios with different complexity levels. Each of these algorithms has its own strengths and limitations. It becomes difficult to select a visual SLAM algorithm for a particular scenario. This article provides the evolution of front-end architecture of visual SLAM from pure geometric methods to learned features, deep optical flow, semantic segmentation, object-level SLAM and differentiable rendering. It then provides the advancement in backend from filtering techniques to optimization methods, enhancing loop closure, outlier methods, fusion of sensors and learning enhanced backends. This article also showcases the strengths, weaknesses, and use cases of algorithms and their comparison across varied environmental conditions and computational requirements. The paper provides information about the trade-off between some performance parameters along with a few selection guidelines. Towards the end, this article provides major challenges in the implementation of visual SLAM along with research areas such as dynamic scenes, adverse illumination, long-term map management, scalable dense mapping, uncertainty estimation, sensor calibration, semantic consistency, benchmarking standards, and deployment on resource-limited platforms. Continuous evolution of visual SLAM algorithms helps better perception and understandability of the environment, making them more accurate and robust.

Keywords

Backend, Comparative Study, Challenges, Frontend, Visual SLAM.

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