Bantering the Factors Determining Participation in River-Bed Irrigated Gardening Among the Communities of Namibia

International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science

© 2019 by SSRG - IJAES Journal

Volume 6 Issue 4

Year of Publication : 2019

Authors : Dr. Kavindame Romanus Kawana, Prof. Dr. Kennedy Matengu

10.14445/23942568/IJAES-V6I4P119

How to Cite?

Dr. Kavindame Romanus Kawana, Prof. Dr. Kennedy Matengu, "Bantering the Factors Determining Participation in River-Bed Irrigated Gardening Among the Communities of Namibia," SSRG International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science, vol. 6,  no. 4, pp. 133-144, 2019. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23942568/IJAES-V6I4P119

Abstract:

This paper investigates the socio-economic benefits associated with the irrigated gardens among the communities of Namibia. The main theoretical aspect of this paper was centered on the practices of understating factors determining participation in river bed gardening among the rural communities of Kavango East Region. A quantitative method was used in a case study design. Data was gathered from grassroots the community‟s experiences and understanding towards the factors determining participation in river bed irrigated gardening among the communities.
Informed by this investigation and based on the Kavango East Region case study, there are factors determining participation in river-bed irrigated gardening among the communities of Namibia. The barriers seems to be related issues such as limited labour (23.1%), lack of access to land (33.7%), lack of time (5.5%), lack of water (4.5%), poor soil (3.0%), lack of seeds (18.1%), distance garden (5.5%) and other reasons (2.0%), such as it was not their choice of life.This is due to the fact that leadership of the Kavango East Region does not promote the establishment of irrigated gardens by communities alongside market development, in order to enhance food availability and socio-economic benefits.
The issue of using irrigated gardens to produce food and making market availability for irrigated garden produce to enhance the food availability and socio-economic situation of irrigated gardeners in Kavango East Region should be addressed in order to fight poverty in Namibia.

Keywords:

Irrigated garden, food availability, Socio-economic, rural community, poverty

References:

[1] Abuo-Hadid, A.F. (2006). Assessment of impacts,
adaptation and vulnerability to climate change in North Africa: food production and water resources. Assessments of Impact and Adaptations to Climate Change, Washington, District of Columbia, 127 pp. URL: http://www.aiaccproject.org/Reports/FinalRe
pt_AIACC_AF90.pdf (Accessed August 10, 2017).
[2] Baiphethi, M. N., & Jacobs, P. T. (2009). The
contribution of subsistence farming to food security in South Africa. Centre for Poverty, Employment and Growth, Human Sciences Research Council.
[3] Benson, T. (2015). Association between Irrigated
Farming and Improved Nutrition in Farm Households in Malawi. Agrekon, 54(3), 62-86.
[4] Burke, J.J. & Kuylenstierna, J. (2008). The Water
Variable – producing enough food in a climate insecure world.
[5] Bonti-Ankomah, S. (2001). Addressing Food
Insecurity in South Africa. The National Institute for Economic Policy. SARPN conference on Land Reform and Poverty Alleviation in Southern Africa,4th and 5th June, 2011. Pretoria South Africa.
[6] Chadha, M.L., & Olouch, M.O. (2003). Home-
based vegetable gardens and other strategies to overcome micronutrient malnutrition in developing countries. Food, Nutrition and Agriculture: FAO 32/2002: 17-23.
[7] Chikozho, C. (2010). Applied social research and
action priorities for adaptation to climate change and rainfall variability in the rain fed agricultural sector of Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 35 (2010) 780–790.
[8] Coates, J., Swindle, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2007).
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide (v. 3). Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development.
[9] Cothron, B. (2009). Food security in the economy.
Communities 144: 54-56.
[10] Crosby, C.T., de Lange, M., Stimie, C.M., & van
der Stoep, I. (2000). A review of planning and design procedures applicable to small-scale farmer irrigation projects. Water Research Commission (WRC) report No. 578/2/00. Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
[11] Dube, K., & Sigauke, E. (2015). Irrigation
Technology for Smallholder Farmers: A Strategy for Achieving Household Food Security in Lower Gweru Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension, 43(1), 1-11.
[12] Gbetibouo, G. A. (2008). Understanding
Farmers‟ Perceptions and Adaptations to Climate Change and Variability: The Case of the Limpopo Basin, South Africa – IFPRI Research Brief 15-8. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
[13] Government of the Republic of Namibia (2004).
Namibia Vision 2030. The National Ideal. Windhoek, National Planning Commission.
[14] Government of the Republic of Namibia (2011). Namibia 2011 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Result. National Planning Commission.
[15] Government of the Republic of Namibia (2013).
Namibia‟s Crop Prospects and Food Security and Drought Situation Report, Windhoek, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry.
[16] Government of the Republic of Namibia (2016). Namibia‟s Crop Prospect, Food Security and Drought Situation Report, Windhoek, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry.
[17] Faber, M., Phungula, M., Venter, S., Dhansay, M.,
& Benade, S. (2002), Home gardens focusing on the production of yellow and dark green leafy vegetables
increase the serum retinol concentration in 2-5 year old children in South Africa. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76(5): 1048-1054.
[18] Faber, M., & Benade, J. (2002), A household
food production programme to address vitamin A deficiency: A south African experience [WWW document] URL: http://www.cipotato.org/vitaa/Proceedings/VI TAA-paper-Faber-FINAL-12Feb2002.pdf (Accessed 2006, July 20).
[19] Faber, M., van Jaarsveld, P.J., & Tauscher, R.,
(2007). The contribution of dark-green leafy vegetables to total micro-nutrient intake of two to five year old children in a rural setting. Public Health Nutrition. http://www.wrc.org.za (Accessed on 3 August, 2017).
[20] Food and Agriculture Organisation (2008).The
state of food insecurity in the world, 2008. Rome:FAO.
[21] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, (2013). The State of Food and Agriculture: Food Systems for Better Nutrition. Rome: FAO.
[22] Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) (2005). Potential uses of food aid to support HIV/AIDS mitigation activities in sub-Saharan Africa. Draft Paper. Washington, DC:Academy for Educational Development
[23] Guijit, T. (2007), „Climate change vulnerability assessment: Review of agricultural productivity‟ CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship Working Paper No.1. Web-ref http://www.csiro.au/resources/CAF-Working-Papers.
[24] Harper, J. (2014). EU4Food: The availability of water for irrigation purposes is becoming a serious concern for smallholder farmers in the former homeland areas of South Africa. Impact, Research at Stellenbosch 2014. Food Security Initiative, University of Stellenbosch. Retrieved from
http://www.sun.ac.za/foodsecurity.
[25] Hartivegsen, D., & A‟Bear, T. (2004). Quang Ngai Rural Development Program (RUDEP)- Phase 2: Home Garden Report. Report prepared for Au said, March 2004.
[26] Hendriks, S. L., & Kiamba, J. (2003). The impact of illness on rural household resources: evidence from Umbumbulu, KwaZulu-Natal. Unpublished Paper. Food Security Programme,
[27] Hendriks, S. L. (2003). The potential for nutritional benefits from increased agricultural production in rural KwaZulu-Natal. South African Journal of Agriculture Extension, (32):28-44.
[28] Hendriks, S. L., & Msaki, M, M. (2006). The impact of smallholder commercialisation of organic crops on food consumption patterns in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Proceedings of the International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, 12-18 August, Gold Coast, Australia.
[29] Heim, F. G. (1990). How to work with farmers: A manual for field workers, based on the case of Thailand. Verlug Josef Margraf Scientific Books, Muhlstabe 9.
[30] Hussain, M. A., & Clay, W.D. (1999). Effective nutrition and health programmes. In: Kracht, U and Schulz, M (Eds), Food security and nutrition: the global challenge. New York: St Martin‟s Press.
[31] Hunter, M. L. (2011). Climate Change, Rural Vulnerabilities, and Migration. URL: http://www.prb.org/Articles/2007/Climate Changein RuralAreas. (Accessed June 10, 2017).
[32] International Food Policy Research Institute, (2016). Global Food Policy Report. Washington, DC: International Food PolicyResearch Institute.
[33] International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (2006). How Will Agriculture Adapt to a Shifting Climate? IFPRI FORUM, December 2006, Washington, DC.
[34] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) (2001). Climate Change 2001:
Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability”, Working Group II. Contribution to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Chapter 18: Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable development and Equity”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 877-912.
[35] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007). Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change. Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 976pp.
[36] Kristie, L.E., & Semenza, J.C. (2008). Community-Based Adaptation to the Health Impacts of Climate. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35(5):501– 507.
[37] Kawana, R.K. (2016). An Investigation into the role of Leadership in Water Technology Innovations in Enhancing Job Creation in Kavango East, Namibia, Ph.D. Thesis,University of Namibia.
[38] Kirkland, D., (2011). Harvest of hope: A case study: the sustainable development of urban agriculture projects in Cape Town, South Africa. Unpublished Master‟s Thesis: Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
[39] Laing, M.D., (1996). The epidemiology and control of liptosphera maculans cause of crucifer blackleg, in KwaZulu-Natal. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
[40] Leary, N., & Kulkarni, J. (2007).Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation in Developing Country Regions. Draft Final Report of the AIACC Project. A Global Environment Facility Enabling Activity in the Climate Change Focal Area Project No. GFL-2328-2724-4330. URL: www.aiaccproject.org (Accessed May 18, 2017).
[41] Leary, N., Adejuwon, J., Bailey, W., Barros, V.,
Caffera, M., Chinvanno, S., Conde, C., De Comarmond, A., De Sherbinin, A., Downing, T., Eakin, H., Nyong, A., Opondo, M., Osman Elasha, B., Payet, R., Pulhin, F., Ratnasiri, J., Sanjak, E., von Maltitz, G., Wehbe, M., Yin, Y., & Ziervogel, G. (2007). For Whom the Bell Tolls: Lessons about Climate Change Vulnerability from the AIACC Project.
[42] Leary, N. & Kulkarni, J. (2007). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation in Developing Country Regions. Draft Final Report of the AIACC Project. A Global Environment Facility Enabling Activity in the Climate Change Focal Area Project No. GFL-2328-2724-4330. URL: www.aiaccproject.org (Accessed June 20, 2017).
[43] Mendelsohn, J., & El Obeid, S. (2006). A digest
of information on key aspects of the Kavango's geography and sustainable development prospects. Research and Information Services of Namibia. 5-19.
[44] Moyo, S., & Tavera, P. (2000). Land occupations
and land reform in Zimbabwe: towards the National Democratic Revolution. In: S. Moyo and P. Yeros, eds. Reclaiming the land: the resurgence of rural movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America. London: Zed Books, pp. 165–208.
[45] Mitchell, T., & Tanner, T. (2006). Adapting to climate change: Challenges and opportunities for the development community. Institute of Development Studies URL: www.ids.ac.uk/ids (Accessed August 16, 2017).
[46] Milburn, L.S., & Vail, B.A. (2010). Sowing the seeds of success: cultivating a future for community gardens. Landscape Journal 29: 1-10.
[47] Nelson, G., Rosegrant, M., Palazzo, A., Gray, I. Ingersoll, C., Robertson, R., Tokgoz, S., Zhu, T., Sulser, T., Ringler, C., Msangi,S., & You, L. (2010). Food Security, Farming, and Climate Change to 2050: Scenarios, Results, Policy Options. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
[48] Pallant, J. (2010). Development and validation of a scale to measure perceived control of internal states. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 2, 308–337.
[49] Odekunle, T. O., Orinmoogunje, I. O., & Ayanlade, A. (2007). Application of GIS to assess rainfall variability impacts on crop yield in Guinean Savanna part of Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6 (18), 2100–2113.
[50] Prain, G., & Pinierao, M. (1999). Farmer management of root crop genetic diversity in Southern Philippines. In: Biological and cultural diversity: The role of indigenous agricultural experimentation in development. Intermediate Technology, London. 92-112.
[51] Ruel, M., & Levin, C. (2000). The potential for food-based strategies to reduce vitamin a and iron deficiencies: a review of recent evidence. Washington DC, IFPRI. [WWW document] URL: http://www.ifpri.org/divs/fcnd/dp/papers/fcndp92.pdf (Accessed 2017, May 12).
[52] Sikhakhane, B.P. (2007). Garden Projects within
the integrated nutrition programme. Proceedings of the Orange-fleshed sweet potato Symposium, Pretoria. 3 October.
[53] Smit, B., Pilifosova, O., & Burton, I. (2007). Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity. In: Climate change 2001. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Parry M L, Canziani OF, Palutikof J P, van der.
[54] Schmidhuber, J., & Tubiello, F.N. (2007). Global
food security under climate change. Prooduction national acad Science104(50): 19703-19708.
[55] Trobe, S. (2002). Climate Change and Poverty. A discussion paper. Tear fund, Middlesex, UK.
[56] United Nations, (2006). Malawi humanitarian situation report. Issue no. 19. [www.document].URL:http://www.unmalawi.org/reports/Sit_reports/un_sitrep06oct2006.pdf (Accessed 2017, May 28).
[57] United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). 1999. Global Environmental Outlook 2000, Earthscan Publications Ltd. p.56.
[58] Van der Veen, M., (2005). Gardens and fields: the intensity and scale of food production. World Archaeology, 37(2): 157-163.
[59] Van, Averbeke, W., & Khosa, T. B. (2007), the contribution of smallholder agriculture to the nutrition of rural households in a semi-arid environment in South Africa. Centre for Organic and Smallholder Agriculture, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa