Synthesis and Physical, Chemical, and Biological Testing of Bio-Enzymes made from Kitchen Waste

International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science

© 2024 by SSRG - IJAES Journal

Volume 11 Issue 4

Year of Publication : 2024

Authors : Santhosh Senthilkumar

10.14445/23942568/IJAES-V11I4P104

How to Cite?

Santhosh Senthilkumar, "Synthesis and Physical, Chemical, and Biological Testing of Bio-Enzymes made from Kitchen Waste," SSRG International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science, vol. 11,  no. 4, pp. 29-35, 2024. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23942568/IJAES-V11I4P104

Abstract:

Sustainability has been a key focus for the past few decades. Resource management and environmental protection are essential to the survival of life and society. Food waste is prevalent, as around 1.3 billion tonnes get wasted in a year. In a world where food is scarce in many regions, it is crucial to reuse any organic material that is wasted or cannot be used for cooking. Making Bio-Enzymes is a potential way to reuse these wastes. Bio-enzymes also replace the environmental and health hazards of chemical fertilizers and cleaners. This study looked into the possibility of making a Bio-Enzyme solution from kitchen waste so that the reuse of waste occurs at a domestic level. Common household wastes of lemon peels and bananas were fermented in an airtight container for two months and then analyzed and tested against Bio-Enzyme standards. The pH of the Bio-Enzyme was acidic in nature, as desired for a Bio-Enzyme solution (pH 4.7). The sample had sufficient BOD, COD, TDS, and phosphates. These confirmed that the Bio-Enzyme had active enzymes capable of digesting stains. The microbiological analysis also showed that the Bio-Enzyme solution had the potential to be used for household cleaning purposes.

Keywords:

Bio-Enzyme, Sustainability, Kitchen waste, Fermentation, Cleaners.

References:

[1] Rovshen Ishangulyyev, Sanghyo Kim, and Sang Hyeon Lee, “Understanding Food Loss and Waste—Why Are We Losing and Wasting Food?,” Foods, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1-23, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Zia Haq, Food India Wastes can Feed all of Bihar for a Year, Shows Govt Study, Hindustan Times, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/food-india-wastes-can-feed-all-of-bihar-for-a-year-shows-govt-study/story qwV3C9YnJAoXn83b3htmsK.html
[3] Pardeep Kumar Sadh, Surekha Duhan, and Joginder Singh Duhan, “Agro-Industrial Wastes and Their Utilization Using Solid State Fermentation: A Review,” Bioresources and Bioprocessing, vol. 5, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Public Health Statement for 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol Acetate, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1998. [Online]. Available: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp118-c1-b.pdf
[5] USGS Science for a Changing World, Phosphorus and Water, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/phosphorus-and-water
[6] EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Management for Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-nonylphenol-and-nonylphenol-ethoxylates
[7] EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ammonia. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/caddis/ammonia
[8] Aishwarya Raju Muruganandam et al., “Preliminary Analysis and Applications of Bio-Enzymes from Fermented Vegetable and Fruit Peel Wastes,” Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, vol. 13, no. 73, 2022.
[Google Scholar]
[9] Vinaya Subhash Joshi, and Surekha M. Gupta, “Production of Bio Enzyme from Kitchen Waste by Anaerobic Fermentation Using Mixture of Yeast and Fungal Culture,” World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1137-1141, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Pooja Khana Tyagi, What are Bio Enzyme Natural Cleaners?, Architectural Digest, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/what-are-bio-enzyme-natural-cleaners/
[11] Swarndeep Kaur Sethi et al., “Bringing Lab to Our Home: Bio-Enzyme and its Multiutility in Everyday Life,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 8, no. 3, 2021.
[Google Scholar]
[12] Parul Lakra, Sunil Kumar Saini, and Ankita Saini, “Synthesis, Physio-Chemical Analysis and Applications of Bio-Enzymes Based on Fruit and Vegetable Peels,” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, vol. 9, no. 9, 2022.
[Google Scholar]
[13] R. Kanchana et al., “Production of Multi-Utility Bio-Enzyme,” The Journal of Research ANGRAU, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 163-166, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Shivangi Rungta, Anupama Ojha, and Sarad Kumar Mishra, “Study of Physico-chemical Property of Bioenzymes Produced from Organic Household Waste and Their Application in Daily Life,” Discovery, vol. 58, no. 315, pp. 228-234, 2022.
[15] Heng Kiah Chun, DIY Garbage Enzymes: Learn a New Skill during the MCO, Greenpeace, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.greenpeace.org/malaysia/story/3227/diy-garbage-enzyme-learn-a-new-skill-during-the-mco/#:~:text=You%20have%20to%20prepare%201,%2C%20maintaining%20the%20same%20ratio
[16] Fariborz Habibi et al., “Citrus Fruit Pigments HS1472, 11/2023,” EDIS, vol. 2023, no. 6, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Xiumin Fu et al., “Comparative Analysis of Pigments in Red and Yellow Banana Fruit,” Food Chemistry, vol. 239, pp. 1009-1018, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] J.E. Coleman, “Structure and Mechanism of Alkaline Phosphatase,” Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, vol. 21, pp. 441-483, 1992.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Phosphorus Fertilization in Crop Production, Saskatchewan. [Online]. Available: https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/agriculture-natural-resources-and-industry/agribusiness-farmers-and-ranchers/crops-and-irrigation/soils-fertility-and-nutrients/phosphorus-fertilization-in-crop-production#:~:text=P%20Fertilization,making%20it%20less%20plant%20available.
[20] Magali Leonel et al., “Banana Fruits with High Content of Resistant Starch: Effect of Genotypes and Phosphorus Fertilization,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 150, pp. 1020-1026, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Alina Soceanu et al., “Levels of Phosphorus in Citrus Fruits,” Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 87-90, 2009.
[Google Scholar]