Call For Paper September 2026
Research Article | Open Access | Download PDF
Volume 13 | Issue 9 | Year 2026 | Article Id. IJCE-V13I9P108 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V13I9P108

Urban Morphology and Micro-Wind Potential: A CFD-based Assessment of Built Form in Pune, India

Prachi Aiyer, Sachin Pore

Received Revised Accepted Published
22 May 2026 22 Aug 2026 27 Aug 2026 29 Sep 2026

Citation :

Prachi Aiyer, Sachin Pore, "Urban Morphology and Micro-Wind Potential: A CFD-based Assessment of Built Form in Pune, India," International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 140-158, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V13I9P108

Abstract

Urban growth in cities such as Pune is transforming urban morphology and influencing micro-climatic wind behaviour, necessitating wind-responsive approaches in sustainable design. This study investigates the impact of built form and inter-building spacing on ventilation performance and micro-wind potential using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Twenty-six twin-adjacency configurations across four spacing categories are analysed under steady-state conditions using average wind data of Pune. The RANS k-epsilon model is employed, with results evaluated at four building heights, generating 416 observations. Gap wind velocity is used to quantify wind amplification within inter-block spaces. Results indicate significant wind acceleration, with gap velocities reaching 2-3 times the incident wind speed under favourable configurations. Increased spacing and vertical exposure enhance ventilation potential and indicate zones suitable for micro-wind applications. The study highlights the role of CFD-based urban wind assessment in supporting wind-responsive architectural design for ventilation and energy potential.

Keywords

Building form and spacing, CFD-based assessment, Micro-wind energy potential, Ventilation performance, Urban morphology.

References

  1. Paul Trombley, Is It Really Windier in Cities, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://weatherology.com/trending/articles/Professor-Paul-Venturi-Effect.html
  2. A.M. Droste, and G.J. Steeneveld, “Are Winds in Cities Always Slower than in the Countryside? Modelling the Urban Wind Island Effect,” EGU General Assembly Conference, vol. 19, 2017.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  3. A.M Droste, G.J Steeneveld and A.A.M Holtslag, “Introducing the Urban Wind Island Effect,” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1-10, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  4. Sunil Baidar et al., “Observation of the Urban Wind Island Effect,” EPJ Web of Conferences, vol. 237, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  5. Lenka Kabošová, Dušan Katunský, and Stanislav Kmeť, Designing with the Wind, Climate-Derived Architecture, Springer, 2023.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  6. A.M. Droste, A.A.M. Holtslag, and G.J. Steeneveld, “The Urban Wind Island from a Three-Dimensional Perspective,” Urban Climate, vol. 58, pp. 1-14, 2024.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  7. Microclimatic Design Guidelines for Urban Development in Vienna, Rheologic, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/microclimate-aspern-development/
  8. Microclimate Analysis Attisholz, Switzerland, Rheologic, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/microclimate-attisholz/
  9. Berlin UZNH - Intermediate Report Wind & Microclimate, Rheologic, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/uznh-intermediate-report/
  10. Lenka Kabošová et al., “Leveraging Urban Configurations for Achieving Wind Comfort in Cities,” XXV International Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, vol.9, no. 6, pp. 79-90, 2021.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  11. Chao Yuan, and Edward Ng, “Building Porosity for Better Urban Ventilation in High-Density Cities - A Computational Parametric Study,” Building and Environment, vol. 50, pp. 176-189, 2012.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  12. Wapen Charoentrakulpeeti, “Physical Characteristics and Ventilation Pattern in Uthai Thani City,” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS), vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 99-112, 2014.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  13. Antoine Perrau, “Towards a Wind Urbanism in Tropical Environments,” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS), vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 85-104, 2022.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  14. Wind Pressure around Buildings- Ventilation & Wind Load, Rheologic, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/wind-pressure-around-buildings/
  15. Wind Assessment for Urban Planning and Architecture, Rheologic, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/urban-wind-assessment/
  16. Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Rheologic, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/introduction-computational-fluid-dynamics/
  17. Lenka Kormaníková, “Architectural Design based on the Wind Situation,” Young Scientist, Technical University of Košice, pp. 1-8, 2018.
    [    Google Scholar]
  18. Lenka Kormaníková et al., “Parametric Wind Design,” Frontiers of Architectural Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 383-394, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  19. G.Z. Brown, Sun, Wind, and Light: Architectural Design Strategies, 1st ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
    [Publisher Link]
  20. G.Z. Brown, and Mark DeKay, Sun, Wind & Light: Architectural Design Strategies, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
    [    Publisher Link]
  21. Mark DeKay, G.Z. Brown, Sun, Wind & Light: Architectural Design Strategies, 3rd ed., Wiley, 2014.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  22. O.H. Koenigsberger et al., Manual of Tropical Housing and Building: Climatic Design, Universities Press, 1975.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  23. B.J. Smith, G.M. Phillips, and M. Sweeney, Environmental Science, 1st ed., Routledge, 2013.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  24. Arvind Krishan, Climate Responsive Architecture: A Design Handbook for Energy Efficient Buildings, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 2001.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  25. Variation of Wind Velocity with Height, Civil Engineering Forum, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.civilengineeringforum.me/variation-wind-velocity-height/
  26. IS 875-2: 1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 2: Imposed Loads, Bureau of Indian Standards, 2020.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  27. Mohammad Mehdi Azizi, and Komar Javanmardi, “The Effects of Urban Block Forms on the Patterns of Wind and Natural Ventilation,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 180, pp. 541-549, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  28. Chalermwat Tantasavasdi et al., “Predicting Airflow in Naturally-Ventilated Generic Houses,” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 33-46, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  29. Sudaporn Chungloo, and Chub Tienchutima, “The Effect of Wing-Walls and Balcony on Wind Induced Ventilation in High-Rise Residential Units,” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 109-120, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  30. Chalermwat Tantasavasdi, and Daranee Jareemit, “Natural Ventilation: Planning Design Guidelines for Residential High-Rises,” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, vol. 3, pp. 23-36, 2005.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  31. Maryam Al Labbad, “The Effect of Urban Settings on Airflow Characteristics for Urban Air Mobility Applications,” Master’s Thesis, Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, pp. 1-331, 2021.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  32. Olga Palusci, and Carlo Cecere, “Urban Ventilation in the Compact City: A Critical Review and a Multidisciplinary Methodology for Improving Sustainability and Resilience in Urban Areas,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1-44, 2022.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  33. Mareike Krautheim et al., City and Wind -Climate as an Architectural Instrument, DOM Publishers, vol. 28, pp. 1-207, 2014.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  34. How to Prepare Your Architecture Design for Wind and Microclimate Simulation, Rheologic, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/architecture-model-export/
  35. 5 Urban Climate Mitigation Myths, Rheologic, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/urban-climate-mitigation-myths/
  36. The Main Influence Factors on Microclimate Explained, Rheologic, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/influence-factors-microclimate/
  37. Sugiono, Dewi Hardiningtyas, “Thermal Comfort Investigation Based On Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Index Using Computation Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Simulation (Case Study: University of Brawijaya, Malang-Indonesia),” International Science Index, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 612-618, 2014.
    [    Google Scholar]
  38. D. Prakash et al., “Ventilation Analysis in a Traditional Courtyard Building with Wind Catching Roof,” Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, vol. 72, pp. 1-14, 2025.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  39. Sudaporn Chungloo, “Numerical Simulation of Forced Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients on Shaded Roofs with Wind Circulation in Low-Rise Buildings,” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, 2012.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  40. Pannatat Petchdee, and Sudaporn Chungloo, “Improvement of Louvers and Openings of Factory Building to Remove Heat through Natural Wind,” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 31-44, 2013.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  41. Chalermwat Tantasavasdi et al., “Evaluation and Design of Natural Ventilation for Houses in Thailand,” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 84-98, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  42. Chalermwat Tantasavasdi, “CFD Approach towards Natural Ventilation Design: Guidelines for Houses in Thailand,” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, vol. 1, 2002.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  43. Qibo Liu et al., “Application of an Architect-Friendly Digital Design Approach to the Wind Environment of Campus Dormitory Buildings,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1-25, 2023.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  44. Mateusz Jędrzejewski, Marta Poćwierz, and Katarzyna Zielonko-Jung, “The Problem of Airflow Around Building Clusters in Different Configurations,” Archive of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 401-418, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  45. Pramod Sinha, Abhishek Agarwal, and Charuvila Rajendran Rejeesh, “Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of the Influence of Openings on Wind Load and Structural Response in Triangular Buildings,” Journal of Sustainability for Energy, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 50-67, 2023.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  46. Mehmet Bakırcı, and Noor Adil Mohammed, “Investigation of Energy Generation From Increased Wind Velocity With Building Geometries Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Weibull Function,” International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 129-141, 2023. [CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
  47. Daeung Kim, “The Application of CFD to Building Analysis and Design: A Combined Approach of an Immersive Case Study and Wind Tunnel Testing,” Master’s thesis, Virginia Tech University, pp. 1-90, 2013.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  48. Alessio Ricci, “Review of OpenFOAM Applications in the Computational Wind Engineering: From Wind Environment to Wind Structural Engineering,” Meccanica, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1-41, 2025.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  49. Dynamic Urban Wind Simulation, Rheologic, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/dynamic-urban-wind/
  50. Biao Li et al., “Evaluation of CFD Simulation Using Various Turbulence Models for Wind Pressure on Buildings Based on Wind Tunnel Experiments,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 121, pp. 2209-2216, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  51. A. Ricci et al., “Impact of Turbulence Models and Roughness Height in 3D Steady RANS Simulations of Wind Flow in an Urban Environment,” Building and Environment, vol. 171, pp. 1-25, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  52. B.E. Launder, D.B. Spalding, “The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows,” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 269-289, 1974.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  53. Kasun Wijesooriya et al., “A Technical Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Applications on Wind Design of Tall Buildings and Structures: Past, Present and Future,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 74, pp. 1-24, 2023.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  54. Nineteen o'clock (Unish Prohor) YouTube Channel, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, 2025. [Online]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/@unishprohor
  55. Abdelhamid Abdullah YouTube Channel, 2025. [Online]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/@abdelhamidabdullah1557
  56. Autodesk CFD: Simulation Software for Engineering Complex Liquid, Gas and Air Systems, Autodesk Foundation, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.autodesk.com/in/products/cfd/overview
  57. Architecture, Engineering & Construction, Ansys Synopsys, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.ansys.com/en-in/industries/construction
  58. Design Buildings and Cities That Perform, From the First Sketch, SimScale, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.simscale.com/industries/architecture-engineering-construction/
  59. Patrick Kastner et al., Eddy3D, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.eddy3d.com/
  60. Architecture and Wind Visualization, Rheologic, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://rheologic.net/articles/architecture-wind-visualization/
  61. Lenka Kabošová, Dušan Katunský, and Stanislav Kmet, “Wind-Based Parametric Design in the Changing Climate,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 23, pp. 1-18, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  62. Pune Vimannagar 18.5670401N, 73.9113782E Satellite View, Google Earth, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://earth.google.com/web/search/18.5670401N,+73.9113782E/@18.56704011,73.91137826,584.9938573a,796.74277203d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CmAaMhIsGUQFPYopkTJAIWTSOgVUelJAKhgxOC41NjcwNDAxTiwgNzMuOTExMzc4MkUYAiABIiYKJAmoRwbIkJYyQBFdLaRliZQyQBnkDOYKtYBSQCHbnv_Dl39SQEICCAFCAggASg0IARAA
  63. Pune Vimannagar Map, Google Maps, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/@18.5670401,73.9113782,17.25z?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTIwNC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D
  64. David Carr, and Kenneth Starcher, “Small Wind Power Considerations,” Journal of Green Building, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-22, 2009.
    [    CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
  65. Paul Gipe, Wind Power -Renewable Energy for Home, Farm, and Business, 2004.
    [    Publisher Link]
  66. P. Gipe, Wind Works, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://wind-works.org/
  67. Javier Castillo, “Small-Scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Design,” Bachelor’s Thesis, Tampere University, pp. 1-69, 2011.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  68. Ian D. Brownstein, Nathaniel J. Wei, and John O. Dabiri, “Aerodynamically Interacting Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines: Performance Enhancement and Three-Dimensional Flow,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 14, pp. 1-23, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  69. L.N. Azadani, “Vertical Axis Wind Turbines in Cluster Configurations,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 272, 2023.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  70. Eddahmani Aymane, Hassan Darhmaoui, and Naeem Sheikh, “Savonius Vertical Wind Turbine: Design, Simulation, and Physical Testing,” AL Akhawayn University, pp. 1-91, 2017.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  71. Matthew Brown, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines, Stanford University, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/brown2/
  72. J. Ramarajan, Studies on the Performance Enhancement of Savonius Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbines, Shodhganga, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/528832
  73. Davide Cazzaro, Gabriele Bedon, and David Pisinger, “Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Layout Optimization,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1-16, 2023.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  74. Dillon Shoikat Sarkar et al., “Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Evaluation and Design,” Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2013.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  75. M. Zemamou, M. Aggour, and A. Toumi, “Review of Savonius Wind Turbine Design and Performance,” Energy Procedia, vol. 141, pp. 383-388, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  76. Paul Dvorak, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Technology Continues to Improve, Wind Power Engineering and Development, [Online]. Available: https://www.windpowerengineering.com/vertical-axis-wind-turbine-technology-continues-improve/
  77. Ashwin Dhote, and Vaibhav Bankar, “Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1-7, 2015.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  78. Hawwa Kadum et al., “Development and Scaling of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Wake,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 174, pp. 303-311, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  79. E.A. Salazar-Marín, and A. F. Rodríguez-Valencia, “Design, Assembly and Experimental Tests of a Savonius Type Wind Turbine,” Science and Technology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 397-407, 2019.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  80. Jordi Serrat Guevara, “Study on the Simulation of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT),” Bachelor Thesis, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, pp. 1-93, 2022.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  81. S. Senthilvel, “Design and Experimental Analysis of a modified Savonius Wind Turbine for Energy Generation in Highways to Meet the Demand for Energy in Rural Areas, Shodhganga, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/334378
  82. D. Wright, Natural Solar Architecture: A Passive Primer, U.S Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information, 1978.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  83. Draft Development Plan of Pune Metropolitan Region 2021-2041, Volume-2, Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.pmrda.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/DP-Report-2021-vol-2.pdf
  84. Draft Development Plan of Pune Metropolitan Region 2021-2041, Volume-1, Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.pmrda.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/UDCPR-Updated-30.01.25-with-earlier-provisions-corrections-1.pdf
  85. Graphical Dictionary of Unified Development Control & Promotion Regulations for Maharashtra State - an Illustrative Manual, Government of Maharashtra, pp. 1-102, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://mchithane.org/web/pdf/UDCPR-Book-an-illustrative-manual.pdf
  86. Unified Development Control and Promotion Regulations for Maharashtra State, Government of Maharashtra, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.pmrda.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/UDCPR-Updated-30.01.25-with-earlier-provisions-corrections-1.pdf
  87. Slavica Ristić, “Flow Visualisation Techniques in Wind Tunnels Part I -Non Optical Methods,” Scientific Technical Review, vol. 57, no. 1, 2007.
    [    Google Scholar]
  88. Mutmainnah Sudirman et al., “Wind Tunnel Measurements of Cross-Ventilation Flow in a Realistic Building Geometry: Influence of Building Partitions and Wind Direction,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 254, pp. 1-14, 2024.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  89. Helenice Sacht et al., “Study of Natural Ventilation in Wind Tunnels and Influence of the Position of Ventilation Modules and Types of Grids on a Modular Façade System,” Energy Procedia, vol. 96, pp. 953-964, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  90. Autodesk AutoCAD: Design and Drafting Software Trusted by Millions, Autodesk Foundation, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.autodesk.com/in/products/autocad/overview?term=1-YEAR&tab=subscription
  91. Autodesk Revit: BIM Software to Design and Make Anything, Autodesk Foundation, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.autodesk.com/in/products/revit/overview?term=1-YEAR&tab=subscription
  92. Wind Rose of Indian Cities, Maharashtra, India, Envitrans Private Limited, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.envitrans.com/windrose
  93. Pune, India (पुणे): Weather Statistics and Wind History, Windy Weather World, 2025. [Online].  Available: https://windy.app/forecast2/spot/386777/Pune+India+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87/statistics
  94. Pune Wind-Direction, WeatherOnline (December 2014 - December 2024). [Online]. Available: https://www.weatheronline.in/weather/maps/city?LANG=in&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=43063&CONT=inin&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0024&LAND=IMH&MOD=tab&ART=WDR&NOREGION=0&FMM=12&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024
  95. Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Pune, Cedar Lake Ventures, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://weatherspark.com/y/107582/Average-Weather-in-Pune-Maharashtra-India-Year-Round
  96. F. Bauelos-Ruedas, C. Angeles-Camacho, and Sebastin, Methodologies Used in the Extrapolation of Wind Speed Data at Different Heights and Its Impact in the Wind Energy Resource Assessment in a Region, Wind Farm - Technical Regulations, Potential Estimation and Siting Assessment, InTech, 2011. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  97. Christoph W. Kent et al., “Assessing Methods to Extrapolate the Vertical Wind-Speed Profile from Surface Observations in a City Centre During Strong Winds,” Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 173, pp. 100-111, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  98. D.A. Spera, and T.R. Richards, “Modified Power Law Equations for Vertical Wind Profiles (NASA),” Wind Characteristics and Wind Energy Siting Conference, pp. 1-12, 1979.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  99. Dalila Khalfa et al., “Evaluation of the Adequacy of the Wind Speed Extrapolation Laws for Two Different Roughness Meteorological Sites,” American Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 570-583, 2014.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  100. Maduako E. Okorie, Freddie Inambao, and Zivayi Chiguvare, “Evaluation of Wind Shear Coefficients, Surface Roughness and Energy Yields Over Inland Location in Namibia,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 7, pp. 630-638, 2017.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  101. Aliashim Albani, and Mohd Zamri Ibrahim, “Wind Energy Potential and Power Law Indexes Assessment for Selected Near-Coastal Sites in Malaysia,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-21, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  102. Dalila Khalfa et al., “Comparative Study of Wind Speed Extrapolation Methods for Sites with Different Roughness,” International Journal of Power and Energy Conversion, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 205-227, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  103. A.K. Blackadar, and H. Tennekes, “Asymptotic Similarity in Neutral Barotropic Planetary Boundary Layers,” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1015-1020, 1968.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  104. H. Tennekes, “The Logarithmic Wind Profile,” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 234-238, 1973.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  105. Waldemar Moska, Leszek Piechowski, and Andrzej Łebkowski, “Selection and Classification of Small Wind Turbines for Local Energy Systems: Balancing Efficiency, Climate Conditions, and User Comfort,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 17, pp. 1-33, 2025.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  106. Maysa'a Rizk, and Karim Nasr, “Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigations Over Conventional and Modified Savonius Wind Turbines,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1-24, 2023.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  107. Anal Ranjan Sengupta, Saswati Rakshit, and Himadri Majumder, “A Comprehensive Review on Various Approaches for Performance Improvement of Savonius Wind Turbines,” Discover Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-40, 2026.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  108. Dominicus Danardono Dwi Prija Tjahjana et al., “Experimental Study of the Effect of Slotted Blades on the Savonius Wind Turbine Performance,” Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1-10, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  109. Khalid Mrigua et al., “CFD investigation of a New Elliptical-Bladed Multistage Savonius Rotors,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 383-392, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  110. Seyed Vahid Jamal et al., “Performance of a Novel, Flapping Vertical Axis Wind Turbine of the Savonius Derivative,” ASME Open Journal of Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 1-12, 2025.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  111. IS 3362 1977, Reaffirmed 2004: Code of Practice for Natural Ventilation of Residential Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, 2004. [Online]. Available: https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.3362.1977.pdf
  112. Chia-Ren Chu, and Bo-Fan Chiang, “Wind-Driven Cross Ventilation with Internal Obstacles,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 67, pp. 201-209, 2013.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  113. Chia Ren Chu, Ren-Hao Chen, and Jhao-Wei Chen, “A Laboratory Experiment of Shear-Induced Natural Ventilation,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2631-2637, 2011.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  114. CSIR Guidelines on Ventilation of Residential and Office Buildings for SARS-CoV-2 Virus, Version 2.0, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-CSIR India, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.csir.res.in/en/flipbook/42
  115. National Building Code of India 2016-Volume 2, Part 8-Building Services, Section 1-Lighting and Natural Ventilation, Bureau of Indian Standards, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://civilenggascent.com/download-nbc-2016-volume-1-volume-2-pdf/
  116. The Beaufort Wind Scale, Royal Meteorological Society, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.rmets.org/metmatters/beaufort-wind-scale
  117. Engineering Guide Natural Ventilation, Price Industries Ltd., 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.priceindustries.com/content/uploads/assets/literature/engineering-guides/natural-ventilation-engineering-guide.pdf
  118. Air Quality Monitoring, Emission Inventory and Source Apportionment Studies for ten Cities in the State of Maharashtra: Pune city, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://mpcb.gov.in/sites/default/files/Establishment%20of%20MPCB/Seniority%20list/2014/Pune_Final_EI_%26_SA_Report_July_2024.pdf
  119. IBM SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics