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Volume 13 | Issue 5 | Year 2026 | Article Id. IJEEE-V13I5P112 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V13I5P112

A Stackelberg Game-Based DSM Framework for Residential Energy Management in Oman: A Comparative Analysis of PSO and Optuna Optimizations

Mohamed Yousuf, Mohd Fairouz Mohd Yousof, Mohamad Fani Sulaima

Received Revised Accepted Published
20 Feb 2026 19 Mar 2026 18 Apr 2026 30 May 2026

Citation :

Mohamed Yousuf, Mohd Fairouz Mohd Yousof, Mohamad Fani Sulaima, "A Stackelberg Game-Based DSM Framework for Residential Energy Management in Oman: A Comparative Analysis of PSO and Optuna Optimizations," International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 143-160, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V13I5P112

Abstract

Nowadays, the power system networks are facing some crucial problems due to the Lack of resources and rising household energy demands. The conventional Demand-Side Management (DSM) techniques are often inflexible and unresponsive, limiting their capacity to maximize energy consumption efficiency. In this research work, a Non-Cooperative model of Stackelberg Game-Theoretic (SGT) strategy is proposed for a residential energy management system with a highly effective and flexible Metaheuristic optimization algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and a novel method of the Optuna optimization framework. Based on the monthly loads record of 2023 in the Ad Dakhliyah region, Oman, the proposed algorithms have proven to be efficient and flexible in the smart grid application domain. The historical data have been applied to the SGT-DSM framework with the proposed optimization methods. This comparative analysis shows a 35.08% decline in energy consumption using the existing method of PSO strategy and a 45.45% decline when applying a novel Optuna technique annually. From the results, the cost-saving opportunities and the levels of accuracy in RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and MAE (Mean Average Error) metrics are observed with both approaches. Finally, the results have been compared and proved from the analysis that Optuna exhibits a more profitable economic outcome, better grid reliability, and good performance in balancing loads, even PSO's better performance in grid reliability and load balance system.

Keywords

Stackelberg Game Theory, Non-Cooperative model, Demand-Side Management, Particle Swarm Optimization, Optuna, Energy Performance Metrics, Grid reliability, and Load balancing metrics.

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