Call for Paper - Upcoming Issues

Optical Design of Low Beam Headlight and Channel Modelling for Visible Light Vehicular Communication

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
© 2024 by SSRG - IJEEE Journal
Volume 11 Issue 11
Year of Publication : 2024
Authors : Charu Priya S, Deepa T, Shih-Hsin Ma, Po-Sung Huang, Cheng-Hung Tsai
10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V11I11P133
pdf
How to Cite?

Charu Priya S, Deepa T, Shih-Hsin Ma, Po-Sung Huang, Cheng-Hung Tsai, "Optical Design of Low Beam Headlight and Channel Modelling for Visible Light Vehicular Communication," SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 11,  no. 11, pp. 349-359, 2024. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V11I11P133

Abstract:

The motivation for Vehicular Visible Light Communication (VVLC) is the demand for automotive communication and the restricted bandwidth of Radio Frequency (RF) systems. VLC is a potential possibility for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Connectivity due to the wide use of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Within this work, a novel low-beam headlamp designed adheres to the ECE R112 standard. The proposed design comprises the LED, ellipsoid reflector, mirror, baffle, and lens from which the optical path and power are determined with the help of non-sequential ray tracing. After importing this data into MATLAB, the relevant Channel Impulse Response (CIR) and accurate path loss are determined. The total luminous intensity from the proposed headlamp is 308.5 lm, and the overall effectiveness is 56.13%. This non-sequential ray tracing result is analyzed in comparison with the path loss model proposed and a linear model. The proposed path loss obtained for this headlamp is -56 dB, approximately 14 dB less than the Lambertian model.

Keywords:

Channel impulse response, Channel modelling, Low-beam headlamp, Optical wireless communication, Path loss, Vehicular communication, Visible light communication.

References:

[1] Nehad Hameed Hussein et al., “A Comprehensive Survey on Vehicular Networking: Communications, Applications, Challenges, and Upcoming Research Directions,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 86127-86180, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Sharan H.S. et al., “Smart Vehicular Communication: A Survey,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 8, no. 15, pp. 146-151, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Dhaya Kanthavel, S.K.B. Sangeetha, and K.P. Keerthana, “An Empirical Study of Vehicle to Infrastructure Communications - An Intense Learning of Smart Infrastructure for Safety and Mobility,” International Journal of Intelligent Networks, vol. 2, pp. 77-82, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] M. Nadeem Ahangar et al., “A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 3, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] M. Shunmugathammal et al., “Li-Fi Technology Based Automatic Vehicle Speed Controller,” 2022 11th International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (SMART), Moradabad, India, pp. 1084-1087, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Mehdi Karbalayghareh et al., “Channel Modeling and Performance Limits of Vehicular Visible Light Communication Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 6891-6901, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Eman Mohamed H. Abouzohri, and Mohamed M. Abdallah, “Performance of Hybrid Cognitive RF/VLC Systems in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications,” 2020 IEEE International Conference on Informatics, IoT, and Enabling Technologies (ICIoT), Doha, Qatar, pp. 429-434, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Hossien B. Eldeeb, and Murat Uysal, “Visible Light Communication-Based Outdoor Broadcasting,” 2021 17th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), Berlin, Germany, pp. 1-6, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Lin Cheng et al., “Automotive Visible-Light Communication: Alternative Devices and Systems,” Tsinghua Science and Technology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 719-728, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Moaaz Ahmed et al., “Multidomain Suppression of Ambient Light in Visible Light Communication Transceivers,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 18145-18154, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Farshad Miramirkhani, and Murat Uysal, “Channel Modelling for Indoor Visible Light Communications,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, vol. 378, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Mohammed Salih Mohammed Gismalla et al., “Survey on Device to Device (D2D) Communication for 5GB/6G Networks: Concept, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 30792-30821, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Hossien B. Eldeeb, Sadiq M. Sait, and Murat Uysal, “Visible Light Communication for Connected Vehicles: How to Achieve the Omnidirectional Coverage?,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 103885-103905, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] UNECE, Vehicle Regulations reg.112 rev.3, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://unece.org/transport/vehicle-regulations
Ying et al., “Single Headlamp with Low-and High-Beam Light,” Photonics, vol. 8, no. 2, 2021.
[15] Chi-Chang Hsieh et al., “Design of Multi-Module Led Headlamp of Vehicle under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard,” Sensors and Materials, vol. 35, no. 7(3), pp. 2433-2448, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Hong Wang et al., “Design of a Newly Projected Light-Emitting Diode Low-Beam Headlamp Based on Microlenses,” Applied Optics, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1794-1801, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Wen-Shing Sun et al., “Optical Design for a cost-Effective Low-Beam Headlamp with a White Light LED,” Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 52, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Shang-Ping Ying et al., “Single Headlamp with Low-and High-Beam Light,” Photonics, vol. 8, no. 2, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Shih-Hsin Ma, Chi-Hung Lee, and Chia-Hsian Yang, “Achromatic LED-Based Projection Lens Design for Automobile Headlamp,” Optik, vol. 191, pp. 89-99, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Hossien B. Eldeeb et al., “Vehicular Visible Light Communications: The Impact of Taillight Radiation Pattern,” 2020 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 1-2, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Hossien B. Eldeeb et al., “Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Visible Light Communications: Channel Modelling and Performance Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 2240-2250, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Wantanee Viriyasitavat et al., “Vehicular Communications: Survey and Challenges of Channel and Propagation Models,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 55-66, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Hossien B. Eldeeb et al., “Channel Modelling for Light Communications: Validation of Ray Tracing by Measurements,” 2020 12th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Porto, Portugal, pp. 1-6, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Farah Mahdi Alsalami et al., “Statistical Channel Modelling of Dynamic Vehicular Visible Light Communication System,” Vehicular communications, vol. 29, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Hossien B. Eldeeb et al., “Vehicular VLC: A Ray Tracing Study Based on Measured Radiation Patterns of Commercial Taillights,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 33, no. 16, pp. 904-907, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Vipul Dixit, and Atul Kumar, “Performance Analysis of Non-Line of Sight Visible Light Communication Systems,” Optics Communications, vol. 459, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] OSRAM OSLON® Black Flat, KW H5L531.TE. [Online]. Available: https://ams-osram.com/products/leds/white-leds/osram-oslon-black-flat-kw-h5l531-te
[28] International Commission on Illumination (CIE), Vehicle Headlighting Systems Photometric Performance - Method of Assessment, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://cie.co.at/publications/vehicle-headlighting-systems-photometric-performance-method-assessment
[29] Farah Mahdi Alsalami et al., “Impact of Vehicle Headlights Radiation Pattern on Dynamic Vehicular VLC Channel,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3162-3168, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Farah M. Alsalami et al., “The Statistical Temporal Properties of Vehicular Visible Light Communication Channel,” 2020 12th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Porto, Portugal, pp. 1-5, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Hisham Abuella et al., “ViLDAR-Visible Light Sensing-Based Speed Estimation Using Vehicle Headlamps,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 10406-10417, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Hossien B. Eldeeb, Farshad Miramirkhani, and Murat Uysal, “A Path Loss Model for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Visible Light Communications,” 2019 15th International Conference on Telecommunications (ConTEL), Graz, Austria, pp. 1-5, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Mohammed Elamassie et al., “Effect of Fog and Rain on the Performance of Vehicular Visible Light Communications,” 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Porto, Portugal, pp. 1-6, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]