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Volume 13 | Issue 8 | Year 2026 | Article Id. IJEEE-V13I8P110 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V13I8P110

Impact of Realistic Voltage Dependent ZIP Load Modeling on Optimal Multi-PV Allocation and Reverse Power Flow Mitigation in Radial Distribution Networks

Rachana J. Patel, Vineeta Chauhan, Jayendra Patel

Received Revised Accepted Published
14 Jun 2026 29 Jul 2026 10 Aug 2026 25 Aug 2026

Citation :

Rachana J. Patel, Vineeta Chauhan, Jayendra Patel, "Impact of Realistic Voltage Dependent ZIP Load Modeling on Optimal Multi-PV Allocation and Reverse Power Flow Mitigation in Radial Distribution Networks," International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 114-125, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V13I8P110

Abstract

In the DG integrated modern radial distribution network, for detailed analysis and optimal planning, load representation plays a crucial role. Unlike the traditional constant power load model, the actual distribution load exhibit strong voltage dependency, which can be effectively handled through the ZIP (constant impedance-constant current-constant power) load model. That voltage-dependent load behaviour greatly influences the power flow results, voltage profile and optimal placement and sizing of PVDG, especially when high penetration scenario is considered. This work presents the performance enhancement of IEEE 33 bus system with integration of multiple PVDG when real and experimental ZIP load modelling is incorporated in the distribution network. For optimal size and place selection, two optimization techniques, namely GA and PSO, are implemented, and results are compared to check complexity handling strength of those techniques under the presence of realistic load. Furthermore, the optimization framework included a reverse power flow penalty to restrict power flow in negative direction from load to substation to ensure reliable and safe operation of distribution system with high penetration of PVDGs.

Keywords

ZIP load, PQ load, Photovoltaic, Radial distribution network, Reverse Power Flow, Voltage Profile, Loss Reduction, GA, PSO.

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