The Role of Multinational Oil Companies (MNOCs) and Militancy in Niger Delta
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science |
© 2018 by SSRG - IJHSS Journal |
Volume 5 Issue 4 |
Year of Publication : 2018 |
Authors : Oyewole, Oyindamola.O, Osimen, Goddy .Uwa, Akinwunmi Adeboye, Anegbode, E. John |
How to Cite?
Oyewole, Oyindamola.O, Osimen, Goddy .Uwa, Akinwunmi Adeboye, Anegbode, E. John, "The Role of Multinational Oil Companies (MNOCs) and Militancy in Niger Delta," SSRG International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 41-51, 2018. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23942703/IJHSS-V5I4P109
Abstract:
The discovery and exploration of oil in Nigeria seems to have come with good tidings and hope for a better development but today the reverse is the case. Oil has brought agony and insecurity in the country, particularly the oil communities of the Niger Delta region. The high level of marginalization and negligence on the part of the government, the elite and the MNOCs has resulted in militancy, which has consequently inflicted the economic growth of Nigeria. Resource curse is used to examine how the perceive petro dollar turns out to bring curse on the country. Despite different response by the government to address the unrest in the oil rich Niger Delta,yet the insurgency persist. This has been attributed to a commandist and lack of proper consultation with people of the region. This paper therefore, calls for a meaningfulcorroboration between the major actors in the exploration of oil and the people in order to have lasting solution to the prevailing problem and as a consequence a meaningful ataraxia.
Keywords:
MNOCs, militancy, politics, Niger Delta, Nigeria.
References:
[1] Abidde, S. . (2007). Niger Delta Governors Where is our money. Retrieved September 13, 2016, from http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/niger-delta-governors-where-have-all-our-money-gone
[2] Adeolu, A. . (2010). Elites, institutional change, institutional persistence and economic development: Lessons for Africa. In Economic Development in Africa (pp. 1–36). Oxford
[3] Adeosun, A.B, Norafidah, I and Zengeni, K.T (2016) “Elite and conflict in Nigeria; A Case Study of Niger Delta Insurgency” Academic research journal,International journal of Political science and Development vol 4 (8).
[4] Afinotan, L. A. and Ojakorotu, V. (2009) The Niger Delta crisis: Issues, challenges and prospects, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, Vol. 3 (5), pp. 191-198
[5] Alagoa, E (2000), “The Ijaw nation in the new millennium, Onyema publisher; Portharcourt
[6] Anifowose, R. and Enemuo, F (eds) (1999).Elements of Politics. Lagos.
[7] Atojoko, S. (2008). “Curse at Home,Blessing in other lands” TELL, February 18.
[8] .Azaiki (2007) “Inequalities in Nigerian politics. Y-BOOKS, Ibadan.
[9] Dode, R (2011) “The political economy of resource curse and the Niger Delta crisis in Nigeria matters” Afro Asian journal of social sciences, vol 2, no 2.1 Quareter 1 2011. ISSN; 2229-5313.
[10] Duruigbo (2005) “The World Bank, Multinational Oil Corporation and The Resource Curse n Africa” University of Pennysylvania Journals of International economic law.
[11] Enweremadu, D, U (2011) “Ending the vicious circle; oil, corruption, and violent coonflict in the Niger Delta”. Nigeria journal of oil and politics, faculty of social sciences, p.o box 233, University of Port Harcourt. ISSN; 1118-4248, vol 2, no 3, pp 88-114
[12] Fagbadebo, O, M (2009) “Corruption, governance and poltical instability in Nigeria” African journal of Political Science and International Relations. Vol 1 (2) pp 028-037.
[13] Feyide, M.O (1986),“Oil in World Politics” the JIC Taylor Memorial Lecture, University of Lagos,Akoka, YabaLagos, Nigeria
[14] Gurr, (1970) “why men rebel” Midwest journal of political science, vol 14, n0 4.
[15] Ibaba (2008) “The SPDC and sustainable development in Niger Delta” international journals on development issues, ISSN; 1446-8956, vol 7, iss 1, pp 44-55, Emerald groups publishing limited.
[16] Idemudia, U. Ite UE. (2006a) Demystifying the Niger Delta: towards an integrated explanation. Review of Africa political Economy 33(109): 391-406
[17] Idemudia, U. (2009). “The Changing Phases of the Niger Delta Conflict: Implications for Conflict Escalation and the Return of Peace,” Conflict Security and Development Volume 9 (3) 307-332.Sachs, Jeffrey D; Warner, Andrew M (1995-02-02), NBER Working Paper 5398: Natural resource abundance and economic growth, retrieved 2009-06-29
[18] Jonathan, D. (2003) “The burden of black gold”www.bbc.news.bbc.co.uk/02-03-2013
[19] Karl (2007) “Oil led development; social, political and economic consequences” Stanford University CDDRL working paper. A paper presented at the international conference on the Nigeria state, oil industry and the Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island Nigeria. March 11-13.
[20] Le Billion (2005)”Geopolitics of resource wars; resource dependence, governance and violence” London franc ass.
[21] Nna, J and Ibaba, SI, ed (2011). Crisis and Development in the Niger Delta: Selected Works of Kimse Okoko. Port Harcourt University of Port Harcourt Press Ltd.
[22] Nnenyelike (2009) “Why Niger Delta crisis persist” http;//www. Sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2009/apr/02/politics-02-04-2009-002 htm
[23] Nwankwo, B. O. (2015). The Politics of conflict over oil in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A review of the corporate social responsibility strategies of the oil companies. American Journal of Educational Research, 3(4), 383–392. http://doi.org/10.12691/education-3-4-1
[24] Obi .C (1997) “Oil, environmental conflict and national security in Nigeria; reunification of the ecology- security nexus for the sub-regional peace programme in arms control, management and international security. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Chicago
[25] Odoemene, Akachi. (2012). The Nigerian Armed Forces and Sexual Violence in Ogoniland of the Niger Delta Nigeria, 1990-1999. Armed Forces & Society 38 (2): 225-251
[26] OdukoyaA.O (2006), “Oil and Sustainable Development in Nigeria; a Case Study of the Niger Delta”Kamla Raj J.Hum. Ecol., 20 (4) 249 – 258
[27] Ojakorotu, V. (2009, (Editor) Contending Issues in the Niger Delta Crisis of Nigeria. Part of the Conflict and Development Series Editor: Otto F. von Feigenblatt, M.A. Edited by Victor Ojakorotu, Ph.D. Monash University, South Africa JAPSS Press, Inc. Bangkok.
[28] Okolie-Osemene, James. (2015). Oil companies and lethal violence in Nigeria: Patterns, mapping, and evolution (2006-2014). IFRA-Nigeria working papers series, n°44: Pp. 1-28.
[29] Okonofua, B. a. (2013). Triangulation, emotional reactivity, and violence in the Niger delta. SAGE Open, 3(2), 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013483758
[30] Okowa, W.S (2008) “Oil, the Nigeria state and the development possibilities of the Niger Delta” A paper presented at the international conference on the Nigeria state, oil industry and the Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island Nigeria. March 11-13
[31] Olasupo. O (3013) “the consequences of Militancy in Nigeria‟s Niger Delta” Jorind 11(2)
[32] Omotola J.S (2007) “From the OMPADEC to NDDC; An Assessment of State Responses to The Environmental Insecurity in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Africa Today pg 73-89
[33] Ross (2001) “Does oil hinder development” world politics vol 53, no 3, pp 325-361, April 2001Cambridge university press
[34] Tijani, K. (2008). Metaphors of underedevelopment: Reflections from Nigeria. Information, Society and Justice, 1(2), 137–162. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.00