Prevalence of Imposter Phenomenon among Saudi Female Faculty &its Roots During their Childhood: Qualitative Approach

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science

© 2019 by SSRG - IJHSS Journal

Volume 6 Issue 2

Year of Publication : 2019

Authors : Tagreed Malek Yousef Jeledan

10.14445/23942703/IJHSS-V6I2P102

How to Cite?

Tagreed Malek Yousef Jeledan, "Prevalence of Imposter Phenomenon among Saudi Female Faculty &its Roots During their Childhood: Qualitative Approach," SSRG International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, vol. 6,  no. 2, pp. 6-13, 2019. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23942703/IJHSS-V6I2P102

Abstract:

This study explored a) the prevalence of IP among female faculty in Medina, b) family interactions and parents’ influence during faculty childhood. To that end, the paper investigates parenting styles, conflicts, familial and siblings' dynamics as possible variables, which may be predictive of IP. The sample comprises 60 female faculty in Medina, age between 24 to 48 years old, with a mean age of 34.29 years (SD= 7.36). The study employed the Arabic version of Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale and the Thematic Apperception Test. Quantitative and qualitative data research methods were used in this paper. Findings of the study’s QUAN constituent reveal moderate prevalence of IP among faculty in Medina; 23.33% of the sample seem to frequently have IP thoughts and feelings. Results of the QUAL part confirm that instructors’ family interactions and parents influence (parenting styles, conflicts, familial and siblings' dynamics with the subject) are predictive of IP.

Keywords:

Impostor phenomenon, family interactions, Thematic Apperception Test, Saudi Women.

References:

[1] Anastasi, Anne, Psychological Testing, 6th ed., Prentice-Hall: USA, 1988.
[2] Aronow, E.; Weiss, K.; Reznikoff, M, A practical Guide to the Thematic Apperception Test: The TAT in Clinical Practice. Sherian Books: Ann Arbour,2001.
[3] Bahn, K. (2014). Women, academe, and impostor syndrome. Chronicle of Higher Education, 60, (30), A51.
[4] Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201–210.
[5] Brauer, Kay. (2016). Validation of the German-language Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (GCIPS). Personality & Individual Differences. Vol. 102, p153-158. 6p.
[6] Brems, C., Baldwin, M. R., Davis, L., Namyniuk, L. (1994). The imposter syndrome as related to teaching evaluations and advising relationships of university faculty members. The Journal of Higher Education, 65(2), 183.
[7] Bussotti, C. (1990). The impostor phenomenon: Family roles and environment. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.
[8] Caselman, T. D. (2000). The imposter phenomenon among American and Japanese adolescents: Gender, self-perception, self-concept, and social support variables. PhD thesis. Oklahoma State University.
[9] Chae, J H., Peidmont, R., Estadt, B., and Wicks, R. (1995), Personological Evaluation of Clance's Imposter Phenomenon Scale in A Korean Sample. Journal of Personality Assessment. 56(3), 468- 485.
[10] Clance, P. (1985). The imposter phenomenon: overcoming the fear that haunts your success. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers.
[11] Clance, P. & Imes, S. (1978) The Imposter Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic intervention. Psycho-therapy Theory, Research and practice. Volume 15, #3, 241-247.
[12] Clance, P & O‟Toole, M. (1987). The Imposter Phenomenon: An Internal Barrier to Empowerment and Achievement. In Clance, P. (Ed) (1985). The Imposter Phenomenon: Overcoming the Fear that Haunts your Success. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers.
[13] Clance,P. ; Dingman, D.; Reviere, S.; Stober, D. (1995). Impostor phenomenon in an interpersonal/social context: Origins and treatment. Women & Therapy; London Vol. 16, Iss. 4.
[14] Cokley, K., Stone, S., Krueger, N., Bailey, M., Garba, R., Hurst, A. (2018). Self-esteem as a mediator of the link between perfectionism and the impostor phenomenon. Personality & Individual Differences. Dec2018, Vol. 135, p292-297. 6p.
[15] Cokley, K; Awad, G; Smith, L; Jackson, S; Awosogba, O; et. al. (2015). The Roles of Gender Stigma Consciousness, Impostor Phenomenon and Academic Self-Concept in the Academic Outcomes of Women and Men. Sex Roles. Vol. 73, 414-426.
[16] Combs, A. (1946). A Method of Analysis for the Thematic Apperception Test and Autobiography. Journal of Clinical Psychology. Apr1946, Vol. 2 Issue 2, p167-174. 8p.
[17] Cramer, P. (2017). Using the TAT to Assess the Relation Between Gender Identity and the Use of Defense Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT. VOL. 99, NO. 3, 265–274.
[18] Cusack, C., Hughes, J., & Nuhu, N. (2013). Connecting Gender and Mental Health to Imposter Phenomenon Feelings. PSI CHI Journal of Psychological Research. Summer 2013Vol. 18(2). 74-81.
[19] Deaux, D. Sex and the Attribution Process. In J.H. Harvey, WJ. Lacks & R.F. Kidd (Eds) (1976,). New Direction in Attribution Research. Vol. 1. New York: Haisted Press Division, Wiley. Pp. 335-352.
[20] Even, M. (1999). The impostor phenomenon: A descriptive study of its incidence among registered nurse preceptors. Master's in science thesis. Texas Tech University Health Science Centre.
[21] Festa, L. (2001). Attachment Style, Masochism, and the Relationship to the Mother. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Gordon F. Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies Adelphi University In partial fulfillment of Doctor of Philosophy.
[22] Floyd, F., Costigan, C. (1997). Family Interactions and Family Adaptation. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation. Volume 20, 47-74.
[23] Fruhan, G. A. (2002). Understanding feelings of fraudulence in the early professional lives of women. Ph.D. Thesis. Massachusetts school of professional psychology.
[24] Fujie, Rieko. (2010). Development of the State Impostor Phenomenon Scale. Japanese Psychological Research. 2010, Volume 52, No. 1, 1–11.
[25] Gibson-Beverly, G. & Schwartz, J. (2008). Attachment, Entitlement, and the ImpostorPhenomenon in Female Graduate Students. Journal of College Counselling. Fall, 2008. Vol. ll.
[26] Harrison, Ross. (1951). The Thematic Apperception Test. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Feb, Vol. 16, p60-88.
[27] Harvey, J. C. & Katz, C. (1985). If I‟m so successful, why do I feel like a fake? The imposter phenomenon. New York: St. Martin „s Press.
[28] Holmes, S., Kertay, L., Adamson, L., Holland, C., Clance, P. (1993) Measuring the Impostor Phenomenon: A Comparison of Clance's IP Scale and Harvey's I-P Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment. 60(1), 48-59.
[29] Hutchins, H. (2015). Outing the Imposter: A Study Exploring Imposter Phenomenon among Higher Education Faculty. New Horizons in Adult Education & Human Resource Development. 27(2), 3-12.
[30] Hutchins, H., Rainbolt, H. (2017). What triggers imposter phenomenon among academic faculty? A critical incident study exploring antecedents, coping, and development opportunities. Human Recourses Development International. Vol. 20, NO. 3, 194–214.
[31] Imes, S. & Clance, P. (1988). Treatment of the Imposter Phenomenon in High Achieving Women. In Brody, C. (Ed) (1988) Women Working with Women. New York: Springer Publishing.
[32] Jeledan, Tagreed Malik. (2011). Impostor Phenomenon and it is relation to self-concept in some undergraduate students in Medina. The 16th Annual Conference of Counselling Centre. Vol (1). 205-236.
[33] Kets de Vries, M. (2005). The dangers of feeling like a fake. Harvard Business Review, 83, 108–116
[34] Lane, J. (2015). The Imposter Phenomenon Among Emerging Adults Transitioning into Professional Life: Developing a Grounded Theory. ADULTSPAN Journal. October 2015. Vol. 14, No. 2: 114-128.
[35] Langford, J., & Clance, P. (1993). The impostor phenomenon: Recent research findings regarding dynamics, personality and family patterns and their implications for treatment. Psychotherapy Theory Research & Practice. 30 (3): 495-501.
[36] Li, S.; Hughes, L.; & Thu, S. (2014). The Links Between Parenting Styles and Imposter Phenomenon. The International Honour Society in Psychology. Vol. 19, No. 2.
[37] Lin, S. (2007) The imposter phenomenon Among high- achieving women of colour: are worldview, collective self-esteem and multi group authentic identity protective? Ph.D. dissertation. New York: Fordham University.
[38] Marcantuono, J. T. (1990). Unveiling the impostor; an experimental analog of the impostor phenomenon. Fairleigh Dickinson University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1990. 9030445.
[39] Multon, Karen D. (2018). Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health. 2018, 1p. Item: 93872303.
[40] Murray, H. A. (1943). Thematic Apperception Test: Manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[41] Okonogi, K., & Ono, Y. (1988). Inposutagensho [Impostor phenomenon]. Tokyo: Chikumasyobo.
[42] Parkman, A. (2016). The Imposter Phenomenon in Higher Education: Incidence and Impact. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice. Vol.16(1). 51-60.
[43] Robinson, J. (2018). Imposterized: The Experience Tenured and Tenured-Track Black Women Instructional Faculty at California Community College. Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership. California State University, Long Beach.
[44] Sakulku, J., Alexander, J. (2011). The Impostor Phenomenon. International Journal of Behavioural Science. Vol. 6, No. 1. 73-92.
[45] Shaver, P. R., & Kazan, C. (1993). Adult romantic attachment: Theory and evidence. In D. Perlman & W. Jones (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (pp. 29-70). London: Jessica Kingsley.
[46] Sonnak, C., &Towell, T, (2001). The imposter phenomenon in British University students: Relationship between self-esteem, mental health, parental raring style and socioeconomic status. Personality and individual differences. Vol. 3. Issue 6. 863 -874.
[47] Teddlie, C., &Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of Mixed Methods Research. SAGE: California.
[48] Vane, J. (1981). The Thematic Apperception Test: A Review. Clinical Psychology Review. Vol. I. pp. 319-336.
[49] Vergauwe, J.; Wille, B.; Feys, M.; Fruyy, F.; Anseel, F. (2014). Fear of Being Exposed: The Trait-Relatedness of the Impostor Phenomenon and its Relevance in the Work Context. J Bus Psychol. 30:565–581
[50] Want, I, &Kleitman, S. (2006,). Imposter phenomenon and self-handicapping: Links with parenting styles and self-confidence. Personality and individual differences. Vol. 40, issue. 5. Pp 961-971.
[51] Wilson, S., Durbin, E. (2013). Mother-Child and Father-Child Dyadic Interaction: Parental and Child Bids and Responsiveness to Each Other During Early Childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, July 2013, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 249–279.
[52] Young, V. (2011). The secret thoughts of successful women: Why capable people suffer from the impostor syndrome and how to thrive in spite of it. New York, NY: Crown Business.