Causes of Internally Displaced Communities and Migration in India

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science
© 2023 by SSRG - IJHSS Journal
Volume 10 Issue 4
Year of Publication : 2023
Authors : Arhaan Saha
pdf
How to Cite?

Arhaan Saha, "Causes of Internally Displaced Communities and Migration in India," SSRG International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, vol. 10,  no. 4, pp. 81-87, 2023. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23942703/IJHSS-V10I4P112

Abstract:

Since independence, internal migration has proven to be a huge issue for our country. Many provisions have been made for internal migrants, but it still remains a problem experienced by millions of people yearly. When something affects so many people, it is important to bring to the attention of people how important and grave the issue is, such as with internal migration. The research paper aims to provide a basic understanding of internal migration and why it is such a huge issue. Policies have also been recommended to help make internal migration less of a problem for India. This research paper discusses how internal migration has different causes, such as Government projects like the Narmada Valley Development Project, employment opportunities and migration due to work, and natural disasters taking place causing people to relocate, also termed internal displacement. The paper implies that internal migration is an issue that can be fixed by smart administration and allocation of resources to remove internal migration's negative effects. Whether it be preventive measures or necessary compensation, the negative effects of internal migration can be fixed easily.

Keywords:

Government projects, Internal displacement, Loss of habitat, Migration, Natural disasters.

References:

[1] Swapdial, “The Adani Group - Udupi Thermal Power Plant”.
[2] Adani Group website, “Udupi Thermal Power Plant,” 2018.
[3] Nasir Ahmad, Nasir Shaheen, and Sajjad Hussain, “Internal Displacement: Relationship of Mental Health and Education of Children in Swat, Pakistan,” Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 909-913, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Bahuguna. S, and Devi. G, Silent Valley Movement, History, Details, Effect, Significant and Result, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.studyiq.com/articles/silent-valley-movement/.
[5] Rajan, S. Irudaya, and R. B. Bhagat. “Internal Migration in India: Integrating Migration with Development and Urbanization Policies,” KNOMAD. Policy Brief 12, 2021.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Elvis Bisily. J, Internal Migration in India, Defence Research and Studies, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://dras.in/internal-migration-in-india/.
[7] Michael M. Cernea, “Progress in India: New Legislation to Protect Persons Internally Displaced by Development Projects,” Brookings Institution, 2013.
[Publisher Link]
[8] Revisiting the Super Cyclone that Hit Odisha, 1999. [Online]. Available: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/revisiting-the-super-cyclone-that-hit-odisha-in-1999/story-S0lDY1STwdrVdMravThCZK.html
[9] “Tsunami Preparedness and Mitigation: Communities”. [Online]. Available: https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/prep-com
[10] National Disaster Management Plan: A comprehensive Step Towards Reducing Disaster Risk, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://reliefweb.int/report/india/national-disaster-management-plan-comprehensive-step-towards-reducing-disaster-risk#:~:text=A%20pressing%20need%20for%20a%20national%20disaster%20management%20plan&text=Hence%2C%20a%20nation al%20plan%20for,management%20for%20the%20whole%20country.
[11] India's Internal Migration, Drishti IAS website, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-internalmigration#:~:text=Number%20of%20internal%20migrants%20(both,workforce%20was%2048.2%20crores%20strong.
[12] Udupi Thermal Power Plant: Photos About Udupi Thermal Power Plant, [Online]. Available: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/udupi-thermal-power-plant.
[13] 40% salaried workers in India took up casual wage work due to Covid: World Bank, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/fresher/40-salaried-workers-in-india-took-up-casual-wage-work-due-to-covid-world-bank/articleshow/99257535.cms?from=mdr
[14] Natural Disasters Caused 2.5 Million Internal Displacements in India in 2022, Report Says, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/natural-disasters-caused-2-5-Million-internal-displacements-in-india-in-2022-report-says/articleshow/100322316.cms?from=mdr
[15] Nalin Singh Negi and Sujata Ganguly, “Development Projects vs. Internally Displaced Populations in India: A Literature Based Appraisal,” Series on Environmental Degradation and Migration, pp. 1-19, 2011.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Flood & Erosion Problems, Government of Assam Water Resources. [Online]. Available: https://waterresources.assam.gov.in/portlets/flood-erosion-problems.
[17] Sardar Sarovar Narmada. [Online]. Available: https://www.gujarattourism.com/central-zone/narmada/sardar-sarovar.html.
[18] Nearly 5 Million People in India Internally Displaced Due to Climate Change, Disasters in 2021: UN,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nearly-5-million-people-in-india-internally-displaced-due-to-climate-change-disasters-in-2021-un/article65535820.ece
[19] K. Saldanha, C. D'Cunha, and L. Kovick, “India's Internal Migrants and the First Wave of COVID-19: The invisibility of Female Migrants,” Asian Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 116-122, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Madhunika Iyer, Migration in India and the Impact of the Lockdown on Migrants, PRS Legislative Research, 2020.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Lama. M. P, “Internal Displacement in India: Causes, Protection and Dilemmas,” Forced Migration Review, pp. 24-26, 2000.
[Google Scholar]
[22] “Land Grabbing and Development Induced Displacement With Special Reference To Singur And Rajarhat In West Bengal”, IUJ Journal of Management, 2020. [Publisher Link]
[23] Disaster Management, Plan Ministry of Corporate Affairs. (2017). 2023.
[Publisher Link]
[24] Debabrata Mohanty and Bhubaneswar, How Odisha's Model of Disaster Preparedness Came Into Being, Hindustan Times, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/cyclone-yaas-how-odisha-s-model-of-disaster-preparedness-came-into-being-101621969683964.html
[25] Apoorva, The Narmada Valley Development Project: A Never-Ending Controversy, Ground Report, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://groundreport.in/the-narmada-valley-development-project-a-never-ending-controversy/#:~:text=The%20Narmada%20Valley%20Development%20Project%20is%20a%20multi%2Dpurpose%20river,potential% 20social%20and%20environmental%20impacts.
[26] National Disaster Management Plan, National Disaster Management Authority, 2019.
[Publisher Link]
[27] Tsunami Preparedness and Mitigation: Communities, National Oceanic and Atmposheric Administration, United States of America, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/prep-com.
[28] Nehru, J. L, Sardar Sarovar Dam, BYJU'S. [Online]. Available: https://byjus.com/current-affairs/project-sardar-sarovar-dam/.
[29] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Labor Migration in Asia: Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis and the Post-Pandemic Future”, August 28, 2020.
[30] Patra, S. K. and Bene, Daniela Del, Silent Valley Hydro-Electric Project, Kerala, India, Environmental Justice Atlas, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://ejatlas.org/print/silent-valley-kerala-india
[31] Tanushree Rao, Protecting Internally Displaced Persons in India, E-International Relations, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.e-ir.info/2013/07/15/protecting-internally-displaced-persons-in-india/
[32] Kamaljit Ray. S. C. Bhan, and B. K. Bandopadhyay, “The Catastrophe Over Jammu and Kashmir in September 2014: A Meteorological Observational Analysis,” Current Science Association, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 580-591, 2015.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Relief Web, Study report: Kerala floods of August 2018, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://reliefweb.int/report/india/study-report-kerala-floods-august-2018-september-2018
[34] Anna Robinson, 1991 Economic Liberalisation Reforms in India: A Micro-Level Analysis, South Asian Studies, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies University of Oxford, 2018.
[Google Scholar]
[35] Ravi Srivastava, Internal Migration, Poverty and Development: India Case Study, SHRAM, [Online]. Available: https://www.shram.org/uploadFiles/20150206035808.pdf.
[36] Singh, S, Situation Report - Assam Floods (22 Jun 2022), ReliefWeb, [Online]. Available: https://reliefweb.int/report/india/situation-report-assam-floods-22-jun-2022. [37] Earthquakes in India, Types, Map, Zones, Causes, Impacts, Study IQ, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.studyiq.com/articles/earthquakes-in-india/.
[38] About internally displaced persons, United Nations Human Rights Commission. [Online]. Available: https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-internally-displaced-persons/about-internally-displaced-persons.
[39] Development and Displacement, India Water Portal. [Online]. Available: https://www.indiawaterportal.org/topics/development-and-displacement.
[40] Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD), Gujarat, Water Technology Institute .[Online]. Available: https://www.water-technology.net/projects/sardar-sarovar-dam-gujarat/