Enhancing Heat Transfer in Heating of PET Bottles for Carbonated Beverages

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering

© 2024 by SSRG - IJME Journal

Volume 11 Issue 12

Year of Publication : 2024

Authors : Gagan Malik, Arvind kumar Mahalle, Rohit P. Sarode, Shreya Malik

10.14445/23488360/IJME-V11I12P101

How to Cite?

Gagan Malik, Arvind kumar Mahalle, Rohit P. Sarode, Shreya Malik, "Enhancing Heat Transfer in Heating of PET Bottles for Carbonated Beverages," SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 11,  no. 12, pp. 1-21, 2024. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V11I12P101

Abstract:

This study investigates the enhancement of Heat Transfer (HT) during the heating process of PET-used PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottles used for carbonated beverages, aiming to improve the efficiency and consistency of temperature distribution. This research provides a theoretical analysis to decide how the arrangement of bottles affects the quantity of energy stored in a solar heating system. The Thermal Energy Storage (TES) performance of commonly used PET bottles, ranging in size from 0.25,0.33,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.75,1.25, 2,2.25 x 10-3m3 and filled with chilled beverages at 280 kelvin and capped, has been examined while passing through warming Tunnel and hot air passed over the PET bottles with different velocities. The overall capacity of the energy transferred is inline arranged 924-2079,648-1499,358-819 x 10-3m3 with bottle Gap 0.25d,0.5d,1d respectively, and Staggered 892-1935,621-1377,338-729 x 10-3m3 with bottle Gap 0.25d,0.5d,1d respectively, A theoretical study has been conducted on the impact of intake velocity, intake temperature, bottle capacity, along with bottle layout on the quantity of energy. This study is particularly valuable for enhancing HT during the heating of PET bottles for carbonated beverages, as it offers insights into optimizing bottle arrangements and airflow conditions to improve thermal efficiency. By optimizing these factors, the heating process can be made faster and more energy-efficient, ensuring better quality and consistency in beverage production. Upon concluding this research, it has been shown that employing chilled beverage-filled PET bottles in the sensible thermal energy system is a practical, uncomplicated, and cost-effective method for transferring solar energy. Furthermore, due to the energy storage capabilities of PET bottles, there is no need for a heat exchanger during the charging operations. The working fluid, air, directly flows over PET bottles during the charging phases. It has been noted that reducing the diameter (volume) of the bottle resulted in an increase in the quantity of thermal energy.

Keywords:

Heat transfer (HT), PET bottle, solar energy, Bottle arrangement, TES.

References:

[1] George Dogkas et al., “Development and Experimental Testing of a Compact Thermal Energy Storage Tank Using Paraffin Targeting Domestic Hot Water Production Needs,” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 19, pp. 1-9, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Francis Agyenim et al., “A Review of Materials, Heat Transfer and Phase Change Problem Formulation for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems (LHTESS),” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 615-628, 2010.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Loa Karjalainen, “Packaging of Carbonated Beverages,” Modern Processing, Packaging and Distribution Systems for Food, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 110-131, 1987.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Jr. Carl R. Howard, “Blow Molded Container with Self-Supporting Base Reinforced By Hollow Ribs,” U.S. Patent 4850494A, pp. 1-6, 1989.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Dennis L. Marshall et al., “Plastic Container with Reinforcing Ring in the Base,” U.S. Patent 4955491A, pp. 1-14, 1990.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Vasiliki F. Alexiou et al., “Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Carbon-Based Nanocomposites: A Crystallization and Molecular Orientation Study,” Polymers, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1-14, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Jianping Ma et al., “Structure–Property Evolution of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers in Industrialized Process Under Complex Coupling of Stress and Temperature Field,” Macromolecules, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 565-574, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Mélanie Girard, Christelle Combeaud, and Noëlle Billon, “Effects of Annealing Prior to Stretching on Strain Induced Crystallization of Polyethylene Terephthalate,” Polymer, vol. 230, pp. 1-23, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] D. Karalekas et al., “Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Deformational Behaviour of Plastic Containers,” Packaging Technology and Science: An International Journal, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 185-191, 2001.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Kunlapat Thongkaew, and Thanwit Naemsai, “Mechanical Properties and Cost-Minimized Design of 6-Litre PET Bottle Using Finite Element Method,” Walailak Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 579-587, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] D. Battini et al., “Experimental Characterisation and Modelling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Preform for Injection Stretch Blow Moulding,” International Journal of Materials and Product Technology, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 18-39, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Ibrahim Dincer, and Marc A. Rosen, Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1-624, 2011.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Huili Zhang et al., “Thermal Energy Storage: Recent Developments and Practical Aspects,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 53, pp. 1-40, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] A. Abhat, “Low Temperature Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage: Heat Storage Materials,” Solar Energy, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 313-332, 1983.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Ingo Stadler, Andreas Hauer, and Thomas Bauer, “Thermal Energy Storage,” Handbook of Energy Storage: Demand, Technologies, Integration, pp. 563-609, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] R. Parameshwaran, and Siva Kalaiselvam, “Nanomaterial-Based PCM Composites for Thermal Energy Storage in Buildings,” Nano and Biotech Based Materials for Energy Building Efficiency, pp. 215-243, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Huangjie Gong et al., “Demand Response of HVACs in Large Residential Communities Based on Experimental Developments,” IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, USA, pp. 4545-4548, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Dogan Erdemir et al., “Energy Storage Techniques for Renewables,” Renewable Energy Based Solutions, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 425-450, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Sandris Rucevskis, Pavel Akishin, and Aleksandrs Korjakins, “Performance Evaluation of an Active PCM Thermal Energy Storage System for Space Cooling in Residential Buildings,” Environmental and Climate Technologies, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 74-89, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Dogan Erdemir, “Determination of Effect of Bottle Arrangement in the Sensible Thermal Energy Storage System Consisting of Water-Filled PET Bottles on Thermal Performance,” Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 235-242, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Zhen Qin et al., “Geometry Effect of Phase Change Material Container on Waste Heat Recovery Enhancement,” Applied Energy, vol. 327, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Mohamed E.A.E. Ahmed et al., “Finned-Encapsulated PCM Pyramid Solar Still–Experimental Study with Economic Analysis,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 73, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Dogan Erdemir, and Necdet Altuntop, “Thermodynamic Analysis of Sensible Thermal Energy Storage in Water Filled PET Bottles,” International Journal of Exergy, vol. 26, no. 1-2, pp. 77-92, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Flavio Roberto Ceja Soto et al., “Sustainability Metrics for Housing and the Thermal Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Prototype Made with Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Bottles,” Recycling, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1-16, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] K.S. Reddy, Vijay Mudgal, and T.K. Mallick, “Review of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage for Improved Material Stability and Effective Load Management,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 15, pp. 205-227, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] K.A.R. Ismail, and J.R. Henrı́quez, “Thermally Effective Windows with Moving Phase Change Material Curtains,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 1909-1923, 2001.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Ioannis Sifnaios et al., “Evaluation of Stratification in Thermal Energy Storages,” Renewable Energy Systems in Smart Grid, pp. 57-69, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] Fatih Selimefendigil, and Hakan F. Öztop, “Analysis of Hybrid Nanofluid and Surface Corrugation in the Laminar Convective Flow through an Encapsulated PCM Filled Vertical Cylinder and POD-Based Modeling,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 178, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Mahmoud Moeini Sedeh, and J.M. Khodadadi, “Thermal Conductivity Improvement of Phase Change Materials/Graphite Foam Composites,” Carbon, vol. 60, pp. 117-128, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Zhongbin Zhang, Meng Liang, and Zhongqiu Ci, “Thermal Performance Analysis of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage with Cascaded Phase Change Materials Capsules Under Varying Inlet Temperature,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 62, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Ashmore Mawire, Katlego A. Lentswe, and Adedamola Shobo, “Performance Comparison of Four Spherically Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Medium Temperature Domestic Applications,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 23, pp. 469-479, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Atul Sharma et al., “Review on Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials and Applications,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 318-345, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Ioan Sarbu, and Calin Sebarchievici, “A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage,” Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-32, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[34] Charalambos N. Elias, and Vassilis N. Stathopoulos, “A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances in Materials Aspects of Phase Change Materials in Thermal Energy Storage,” Energy Procedia, vol. 161, pp. 385-394, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] Wen-Ya Wu et al., “Advancements in Sustainable Phase Change Materials: Valorizing Waste for Eco-Friendly Applications,” Materials Today Chemistry, vol. 39, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] Ana M. López-Sabirón et al., “Environmental Profile of Latent Energy Storage Materials Applied to Industrial Systems,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 473-474, pp. 565-575, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[37] R. Bharathiraja et al., “Performance Investigation on Flat Plate Solar Water Collector Using a Hybrid Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material (PCM),” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 86, no. A, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[38] Robert Hoel Lund, “Optimized and Cost Efficient Industrial Heat Pumps based on Low Grade Waste Heat,” Master's Thesis, 2016.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[39] Pablo Dolado et al., PCM-Air Heat Exchangers: Slab Geometry, Heat Exchangers-Basics Design Applications, 2012.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[40] Pramod B. Salunkhe, and Jaya Krishna Devanuri, “Containers for Thermal Energy Storage,” Micro-and Nano-Containers for Smart Applications, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 289-307, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[41] Mohammed M. Farid et al., “A Review on Phase Change Energy Storage: Materials and Applications,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 45, pp. 9-10, pp. 1597-1615, 2004.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[42] Shobhana Singh et al., “Investigation on Transient Performance of a Large-Scale Packed-Bed Thermal Energy Storage,” Applied Energy, vol. 239, pp. 1114-1129, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[43] Pramod B. Salunkhe, and Prashant S. Shembekar, “A Review on Effect of Phase Change Material Encapsulation on the Thermal Performance of a System,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 5603-5616, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[44] Vennapusa Jagadeeswara Reddy et al., “Pathway to Sustainability: An Overview of Renewable Energy Integration in Building Systems,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1-36, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[45] E.D. Grimison, “Correlation and Utilization of New Data on Flow Resistance and Heat Transfer for Cross Flow of Gases over Tube Banks,” Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 583-594, 1937.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[46] J.P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, Newyork, 2014.
[Publisher Link]
[47] William S. Janna, Engineering Heat Transfer, CRC Press, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]