A Mini Review of Gene Polymorphisms in the ReninAngiotensin System Linked with Primary Hypertension

International Journal of Medical Science

© 2024 by SSRG - IJMS Journal

Volume 11 Issue 3

Year of Publication : 2024

Authors : Mais Yousif, Eyas Alkhayer, Haitham yazigi, Faisal Redwan

10.14445/23939117/IJMS-V11I3P106

How to Cite?

Mais Yousif, Eyas Alkhayer, Haitham yazigi, Faisal Redwan, "A Mini Review of Gene Polymorphisms in the ReninAngiotensin System Linked with Primary Hypertension," SSRG International Journal of Medical Science, vol. 11,  no. 3, pp. 32-44, 2024. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23939117/IJMS-V11I3P106

Abstract:

Hypertension is considered a global health problem due to its rapid spread in all advanced and developing countries. It is considered the main cause of global deaths and cases of disability, as cardiovascular diseases develop in patients despite receiving treatment, which indicates the failure of the antihypertensives used to ensure ideal control of blood pressure. The decrease in the effectiveness of treatments and the variation in response to them could be related to genetic variation between individuals, and this was demonstrated by the increased probability of developing high blood pressure in the event that the patient has a family history, as the genetic cause constitutes 25-60% of cases, and the analyzes that showed A study conducted at the whole genome level found 118 genetic loci associated with blood pressure, as well as several genetic polymorphisms that may affect protein synthesis and cause the development of the disease.
The goal of this review was to look into the molecular base of hypertension by studying the genes that organize the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, which is implicated in the evolution of primary hypertension, and focus on the clinical and pathological features resulting from the associated genetic polymorphisms. The study of the molecular ground of primary hypertension may be useful in the future in developing the most effective and safe individual treatments for each patient according to his genetic fingerprint and avoiding experimental treatments. This review is distinguished by its reliance on the latest research recently published research and books on the mechanisms and genetics of high blood pressure and RAAS pathway

Keywords:

Renin-angiotensin system, Primary hypertension, RAAS genes, SNPs, Polymorphisms.

References:

[1] Sandosh Padmanabhan, and Anna F. Dominiczak, “Genomics of Hypertension: The Road to Precision Medicine,” Nature Reviews Cardiology, vol. 18, pp. 235-250, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Dorota Stefanicka-Wojtas, and Donata Kurpas, “Personalised Medicine-Implementation to the Healthcare System in Europe (Focus Group Discussions),” Journal of Personalized Medicine, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 380, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Jacek Rysz et al., “Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension Treatment,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 21, no. 13, p. 4709, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Sunil Nadar, and Gregory Lip, Hypertension (Oxford Cardiology Library) 3E, Oxford University Press, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[5] Naranjan S. Dhalla, Sukhwinder K. Bhullar, and Anureet K. Shah, The Renin Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular Disease, Springer Nature, 2023.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Zimei Shu et al., “Angiotensinogen and the Modulation of Blood Pressure,” Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol. 8, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Muhammad Tarek Abdel Ghafar, “An Overview of the Classical and Tissue-derived Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System and Its Genetic Polymorphisms in Essential Hypertension,” Steroids, vol. 163, p. 108701, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Sukhwinder K. Bhullar, and Naranjan S. Dhalla, “Angiotensin II-Induced Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Cardiac Hypertrophy,” Cells, vol. 11, no. 21, p. 3336, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Giuseppe Mancia et al., “2023 ESH Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of The European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and The European Renal Association (ERA),” Journal of Hypertension, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 1874-2071, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[10] Thomas W. Buford, “Hypertension and Aging,” Ageing Research Reviews, vol. 26, pp. 96-111, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] C. Venkata S. Ram, Boon Wee Jimmy Teo, and Gurpreet S. Wander, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease in Asia, Springer, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Mohammed Arif et al., “Epigenetic Modification: A Regulatory Mechanism in Essential Hypertension,” Hypertension Research, vol. 42, pp. 1099-1113, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Nicola Wilck et al., “Salt-responsive Gut Commensal Modulates T(H)17 Axis and Disease,” Nature, vol. 551, pp. 585-589, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Stefanie Lip, and Sandosh Padmanabhan, “Genomics of Blood Pressure and Hypertension: Extending The Mosaic Theory Toward Stratification,” Canadian Journal of Cardiology, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 694-705, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Wasana Sukhumsirichart, “Polymorphisms,” Genetic Diversity and Disease Susceptibility, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Syed Sameer Aga, Mujeeb Zafar Banday, and Saniya Nissar, Genetic Polymorphism and Disease, CRC Press, 2022.
[Publisher Link]
[17] Zuben E. Sauna, and Chava Kimchi-Sarfaty, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms: Human Variation and a Coming Revolution in Biology and Medicine, Springer Nature, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Adolfo I. Ruiz-Ballesteros et al., “Association of Vitamin D Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms with Autoimmunity: Evidence in Population Genetic Studies,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 21, no. 24, p. 9626, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Soon Yong Suh et al., “Plasma Renin Activity and Clinical Implication in Korean Hypertensive Patients,” Korean Circulation Journal, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 658-664, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Patrick J. Trainor et al., “Blood Levels of Angiotensinogen and Hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA),” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 81, no. 13, pp. 1248-1259, 2023.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Momina Shahid et al., “Genetic Polymorphism in Angiotensinogen and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Diseases,” Metabolites, vol. 12, no. 12, p. 1291, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Islam M. El-Garawani et al., “Angiotensinogen Gene Missense Polymorphisms (rs699 and rs4762): The Association of End-stage Renal Failure Risk with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension in Egyptians,” Genes, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 339, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Edwyn O. Cruz-Lopez et al., “Angiotensinogen Suppression: A New Tool to Treat Cardiovascular and Renal Disease,” Hypertension, vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 2115-2126, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Hualing Sun et al., “CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Deletion of the Angiotensinogen Gene Reduces Hypertension: A Potential for Cure?,” Hypertension, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 1990-2000, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]