Histomorphological Effects of Quinine and Triple Antiretroviral Regimen (Efavirenz/Lamivudine/Tenofovir) on Fetal Kidney of Albino Wistar Rats

International Journal of Medical Science

© 2017 by SSRG - IJMS Journal

Volume 4 Issue 12

Year of Publication : 2017

Authors : Umoh, I. U., Ekanem, A. U.and Bassey, U. E

10.14445/23939117/IJMS-V4I12P103

How to Cite?

Umoh, I. U., Ekanem, A. U.and Bassey, U. E, "Histomorphological Effects of Quinine and Triple Antiretroviral Regimen (Efavirenz/Lamivudine/Tenofovir) on Fetal Kidney of Albino Wistar Rats," SSRG International Journal of Medical Science, vol. 4,  no. 12, pp. 10-16, 2017. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23939117/IJMS-V4I12P103

Abstract:

The Histomorphological Effects of Quinine and Triple Antiretroviral Regimen on Fetal Kidney of Albino Wistar Rats was studied. Forty female Wistar rats in estrous cycles weighing between 180 - 220g were divided into eight groups with 5 rats in each group. Sexually active male of the same strain was added into each group to ensure fertilization. Vaginal smear from each of the females was collected following overnight mating and checked for spermatozoa under microscope. The present of sperm in the vaginal smear indicated day zero of pregnancy and administration started on day 7. Group 1 served as the control while Groups 2 - 4 were given 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg body weight of quinine hypochloride injections intraperitoneally respectively every 8 hours for seven days. Group 5 animals were administered 17.1 mg/kg body weight of triple antiretroviral regimen orally, respectively for 7 days. Groups 6 - 8 were administered concomitantly 17.1 mg/kg triple antiretroviral regimen daily + Quinine 10 mg/kg 8 hourly, 17.1 mg/kg of triple antiretroviral regimen daily + quinine 20 mg/kg body weight 8 hourly and 17.1 mg/kg of triple antiretroviral regimen + quinine 30 mg/kg body weight 8 hourly for 7 days respectively. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized to remove the fetuses and each fetus was sacrificed to harvest the kidney for histological analysis. The result revealed a significant (p > 0.05) reduction in the fetal body weight and placental weight following administration of quinine, antiretroviral combination drugs and more significant (p > 0.05) reduction was observed in quinine and antiretroviral combination drugs co-administration treated groups dose dependently compared with the control group. Administration of quinine and antiretroviral combination drug produce notable distortions to the his to architecture of the fetal kidney within the experimental groups with the quinine and antiretroviral drugs co-treated groups showing a severe degeneration dose dependently. This is suggestive of intrauterine growth retardation and fetal renal toxicity caused by these drugs.

Keywords:

 Happy emotion, sad emotion, disgust emotion, alpha waves.

References:

[1] D. Kirby, B. Laris, A. Rolleri. "Sex and HIV Education Programs: Their Impact on Sexual Behaviours of Young People throughout the World". Journal of Adolescents Health. 2007; 40(3): 206 – 217.
[2] M. Gilbert, P. Thomas, A. Rambaut, G. Walsiuk, J. Thomas, E. Arthur. "The Emergence of HIV/AIDs in the Americas and Beyond. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007; 104(47): 18566 – 18570.
[3] W. Steketee, L. Nahlen, E. Parise, C. Menendez. The Burden of Malaria in Pregnancy in Malaria-Endemic Areas. American Journal of Tropical Medical Hygiene. 2001; 164: 28 – 35.
[4] World Health Organization. National Medicines List/Formulary/Standard Treatment Guidelines. Available at http://www.who.int /selection_medicines/country_lists/en/index.html. 2015.
[5] R. McGready, T. Cho, V. Samuel, A. Brockman, V. Van, S. Looareesuwan, N. White, F. Nosten. Randomized Comparison of Quinine-Cindamycin versus Artesunate in the Treatment of Falciparum Malaria in Pregnancy. 2001, p 465.
[6] J. Achan, J. Tibenderana, D. Kyabyinze, H. Mawejje, R. Mugizi, B. Mpeka, B., A. Talisuna, U. D’Alessandro. Case Management of Severe Malaria- a Forgotten Practice: Experiences from Health Facilities in Uganda. Plos One, 2011; 6(3): 170 – 253.
[7] N. White, P. Chanthavanich, S. Krishna, C. Bunch, K. Silamut, Antimalarial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacology. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1996; 44(2): 55 – 60.
[8] S. Pukrittayakamee, S. Wanwimolruk, K. Stepniewska, A. Jantra, S. Huyakorn, S. Looareesuwn, N. White. Quinine Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationship in Uncomplicated Malaria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003; 47(11): 3458 – 3463.
[9] F. Boubred, M. Vendemmia, P. Garcia-Meric, C. Buffat, V. Millet, U. Simeoni. Effects of Maternally Administered Drugs on the Fetal and Neonatal Kidney. Drug safety, 2006; 29(5): 397 -419.
[10] E. Tuomala, E. Shapiro, M. Mofenson, Y. Bryson, M. Culnane, D. Hughes. Antiretroviral Therapy during Pregnancy and the Risk of an Adverse Outcome. National English Journal of Medicine. 2002; 346: 1863 – 1870.
[11] C. Ashley. Renal Failure - How Drugs can damage the Kidney. Pharmaceutical Journal. 2009; 7(1): 34 – 38.
[12] I. U. Umoh T. B. Ekanem, M. A. Eluwa, U. E. Bassey. Fetal Hepatorenal Toxicity of Artemether/Lumefantrine (Coartem®) in Second Trimester of Pregnancy in Albino Rats. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2017; 4(2): 240 – 246.
[13] K. Anastos, M. Schechter, E. Balestre, L. Myer, A. Boulle, D. Bangsberg, H. Toure, P. Braitstein, E. Sprinz. Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings 1996 to 2006: Patient Characteristics, Treatment Regimens and Monitoring in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. Trop. Medical International Health, 2008; 13: 870 – 879.
[14] O. Mesembe, A. Igiri, I. Naikot, V. Ekam, J. Odukana, V. Fischer. Liver and Kidney Morphologies Following Vitamin E Supplementation During Caffeinated and Non-Caffeinated Paracetamol Administration in Rats. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy, 2004; 3(1): 35 – 38.
[15] X. Wei, K. Ghosh, E. Taylo, A. Johnson, A. Emini. Viral Dynamic in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Nature, 1999; 373: 117 – 122.
[16] M. Cotter. Is Antiretroviral Therapy during Pregnancy associated with an Increased Risk of Preterm Delivery, Low Birth Weight, or Stillbirth? Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2006; 193(9): 1195 – 1201.
[17] M. Nelson, A. Azwa, A. Sokwala, R. Harania, J. Stebbing. Fanconi Syndrome and Lactic Acidosis Associated with Stavudine and Lamivudine Therapy. AIDS, 2008; 22: 1374 – 1376.
[18] N. Hausman, K. Beharry, K. Nishihara, Y. Akmal, T. Asrat. Effect of the Antenatal Administration of Celecoxib during the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy on Prostaglandin, Cytokine, and Nitric Oxide Levels in Rabbits. American Journal of Obstetric Gynecology, 2003; 189(6): 1737 – 1743.
[19] S. Espiridiao, R. Oliveira-Filho, M. Simoes, J. Mamede, L. Kulay. Liver and Kidney Ultrastructural Changes caused by Acetylsalicylic Acid Treatment during Pregnancy in Rats. Clinical and Experimental Obstetric Gynecology, 2002; 29(1): 37 – 39.
[20] S. Devipriya, D. Shamala. Protective Effects of Quercetin in Cisplatin-Induced Cell Injury in the Rat Kidney, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 1999; 3: 422 – 426.
[21] E. Meral, E. Levent, N. Yusuf, K. walker. The Effects of Nifedipine on Renal Perfusion Pressure and Kidney during Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Dicle. Tıp. Dergisi. Cilt, 2007; 34(4): 248 – 253.
[22] H. Kajino, C. Roman, R. Clyman. Renal Effects of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition in Fetal Lambs. Biological Neonate, 2002; 82(4): 257 – 262.
[23] A. Shirwaikar, S. Malini, C. Kumari. Protective Effect of Pongamia pinnata Flowers against Cisplatin and Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. International Journal of Experimental Biology, 2003; 4: 58 – 62.
[24] E. Daugas, P. Rougier, G. Hill. HAART-Related Nephropathies in HIV-Infected Patients. Kidney International, 2005; 67: 393 – 403.
[25] H. Izzedine, V. Launay-Vacher, G. Deray. Antiretroviral Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity. American Journal of Kidney Disease, 2005; 45: 804 – 817.
[26] M. Ahmad. Abacavir-Induced Reversible Fanconi Syndrome with Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus in a Patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 2006; 52: 296 – 297.
[27] A. Menahem, J. Perry, J. Dowling, M. Thomson. Hypokalaemia-Induced Acute Renal Failure. Nephrology Daily Transplant, 1999; 14: 2216 – 2218. 
[28] G. D'Ythurbide, C. Goujard, F. Mechai, A. Blanc, B. Charpentier, R. Snanoudj. Fanconi Syndrome and Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Associated with Didanosine Therapy in HIV Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review. Nephrology Daily Transplant, 2007; 22: 3656 – 3659.
[29] C. Dobyn, J. Levi, C. Jacobs, J. Kosek, W. Weiner. Mechanism of Cis-Platinum Nephrotoxicity: Morphologic Observations, Journal of Pharmacological Experimental Therapy, 1980; 213: 551 – 556.
[30] S. Alkhuja, R. Menkel, M. Alwarshetty, A. Ibrahimbacha. Celecoxib-Induced Nonoliguric Acute Renal Failure. Pharmaceutical therapy, 2002; 36(1): 52 – 54. 
[31] D. Brater. Renal Effects of Cyclooxygyenase-2- Selective Inhibitors. Journal of Pain Symptom Manage, 2002; 23: 15 – 20.