Analysis of Microstructure, Recrystallization, and Hardness of Copper Metal Based on Cold Working and Annealing Processes

International Journal of Material Science and Engineering

© 2024 by SSRG - IJMSE Journal

Volume 10 Issue 3

Year of Publication : 2024

Authors : Md Saifur Rahman, Raihan Ahmed Joy

10.14445/23948884/IJMSE-V10I3P101

How to Cite?

Md Saifur Rahman, Raihan Ahmed Joy, "Analysis of Microstructure, Recrystallization, and Hardness of Copper Metal Based on Cold Working and Annealing Processes," SSRG International Journal of Material Science and Engineering, vol. 10,  no. 3, pp. 1-7, 2024. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23948884/IJMSE-V10I3P101

Abstract:

The goal of this research is to evaluate the impacts of cold working and annealing on the microstructure of copper strips, study Rockwell’s Hardness of copper strips undergoing cold working and annealing, and determine recrystallization temperature. The study shows that an increase in the temperature of annealing decreases the average hardness of the pieces of copper strips. Reduction of thickness from 0 % to 10 % decreases the average hardness of the copper strips. However, as the thickness reduction reaches 30 %, the average hardness would start to increase and continue to increase until a 50 % thickness reduction. The highest hardness is observed in the copper strips that had a 50 % thickness reduction due to rolling. Overall, this shows that the hardness of a material increases as the reduction of thickness increases. The microstructures of copper strips after undergoing cold work rolling show that grains are elongated in the rolling direction. On the other hand, the microstructures of copper strips undergoing annealing show that the grains appear to grow and expand after heating. The grains' rate of growth increases as the temperature of annealing increases.

Keywords:

Annealing, Cold working, Hardness, Microstructure, Recrystallization temperature.

References:

[1] Helmut Clemens, Svea Mayer, and Christina Scheu, Microstructure and Properties of Engineering Materials, Neutrons and Synchrotron Radiation in Engineering Materials Science: From Fundamentals to Applications, pp. 1-20, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] William D. Callister Jr, William D. Callister, and David G. Rethwisch, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 9 th ed., New Jersey: John Wiley, pp. 1-992, 2020.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Zainul Huda, “Temperature-Dependence of Metal Forming,” In Metal Forming Processes, pp. 57-72, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Xiaolong Xu et al., “Effect of Undercooling on Microstructure Evolution of Cu-Based Alloys,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 935, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Bin Yuan et al., “Enhanced Strength in Pt-25au-25cu-25ni Medium-Entropy Alloy by A Combination of Cold Working and Aging,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 893, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Sousa, Talita Gama de, Vitor Luiz Sordi, and Luiz Paulo Brandão, “Dislocation Density and Texture in Copper Deformed by Cold Rolling and Ecap,” Materials Research, vol. 21, pp. 1-6, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Farnousheh Sharifian Amiri et al., “Evaluation of Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Copper Clad-Aa6063 Bimetallic Composite Wire After Annealing Treatment,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 312, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Tamara McGill-Taylor, Charlie R. Brooks and Scott Goodrich, “Effect of Cold Working and Annealing on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Hot Rolled Al Alloy 3104,” Journal of Heat Treating, vol. 9, pp. 5-25, 1991.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Kholqillah Ardhian Ilman et al., “Effect of Annealing Process on Hardness and Microstructure of ST60 Steel with Temperature Variations 750°, 800°, 850°, 900° C and Holding Time 15 Minutes, 30 Minutes, 45 Minutes, And 60 Minutes,” In AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2838, no. 1, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Shuo Sun, and Ting-qu Li, “Effect of Cold Rolling Process on Microstructure and Properties of T1 Copper Sheet,” In Proceedings 2020 International Conference on Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and Mechanical Automation (IoTAIMA), Hangzhou, China, vol. 1605, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] N. Harshavardhana et al., “A Comparative Study on Misorientations to Determine the Extent of Recrystallization in Pure ETP Copper,” Physics of Metals and Metallography, vol. 122, pp. 1279-1287, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Shu-Yi Tung et al., “Recrystallized Hard Zone and Resultant Tri-Modal Microstructure Produces Superior Mechanical Properties in a Single-Phase Heterostructured High-Entropy Alloy,” Acta Materialia, vol. 273, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Kando Hamiyanze Moonga, “Investigation of the Cold Gas Dynamic Spray Technique for the Fabrication of a Thin Film for a Plasmonic Biosensor,” Doctoral Dissertation, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, pp. 1-169, 2019.
[Google Scholar]
[14] Alexandre Bodet, “Greek and Roman Copper Alloy Coins (Fifth Century BC-Third Century AD): From Microstructures to Manufacturing Process,” Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 349-369, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Partha Sarathi Sahoo et al., “Effects of Working Temperature on Microstructure and Hardness of Ti-6al-4v Alloy Subjected to Asymmetrical Rolling,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 1218-1228, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Jaroslaw Konieczny, and Zbigniew Rdzawski, “Influence of Cold Working on Microstructure and Properties of Annealing Alloyed Copper,” In Proceeding of 14th International Materials Symposium, pp. 633-641, 2012.
[Google Scholar]
[17] Ejaz Ahmad et al., “Effect of Cold Rolling and Annealing on The Grain Refinement of Low Alloy Steel,” In Proceedings International Symposium on Advanced Materials (ISAM 2013), Islamabad, Pakistan, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Balaji Chaganty et al., “Effect of Cold Rolling on Texture and Microstructure Development in Annealed Incoloy 800 Fabricated Using Selective Laser Melting,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 33, pp. 5471-5478, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Jufu Jiang et al., “Effect of Recrystallization Annealing on Microstructure and Properties of Cold-Deformed CoCrCu1.2 FeNi High Entropy Alloy,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 973, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Samiul Kaiser, and Mohammad Salim Kaiser, “Research Paper Impact of Cold Plastic Deformation and Thermal Post-Treatment on the Physical Properties of Copper-Based Alloys Al-Bronze And Α-Brass,” Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 114-121, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Flávia Gonçalves Lobo et al., “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Manganese Bronze Submitted to Cold Work and Subsequent Heat Treatment,” Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 14, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Julia Dölling et al., “A Comparative Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study of Precipitation Hardenable Copper-Based Alloys with Optimized Strength and High Conductivity,” Metals, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-29, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Aman Gupta et al., “Unraveling the Self-Annealing Behavior of Cryo-Rolled Cu-Fe-P Alloy Sheets: Evidence and Implications,” International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 167, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] M. Muzibur Rahman, S. Reaz Ahmed, and M. Salim Kaiser, “On the Investigation of Reuse Potential of SnPb-Solder Affected Copper Subjected to Work-Hardening and Thermal Ageing,” Materials Characterization, vol. 172, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Srijan Sengupta et al., “Effect of Substructure on Hardness and Conductivity of Copper During Annealing,” Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, vol. 73, pp. 1543-1547, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] S.P. Sundar Singh Sivam, R. Rajendran, N. Harshavardhana, “Effect of Cryo-Rolling on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Pure Copper,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, vol. 236, no. 8, pp. 1457-1463, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Gabrielle Tiphéne et al., “Quantification of Softening Kinetics in Cold-Rolled Pure Aluminum and Copper Using High-Temperature Scanning Indentation,” Materials & Design, vol. 233, pp. 1-13, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] Xiuqing Li et al., “Microstructure and Texture of Pure Copper under Large Compression Deformation and Different Annealing Times,” Coatings, vol. 13, no. 12, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] George F. Vander Voort, ASM Handbook: Metallography and Microstructures, ASM International, vol. 9, 2004.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Mohamed E. Mitwally, and Mahmoud Farag, “Effect of Cold Work and Annealing on the Structure and Characteristics of NiTi Alloy,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 519, no. 1-2, pp. 155-166, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Liying Lu et al., “The Influence of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, And Corrosion Resistance of Al6mg-0.4 Mn-0.14 Sc-0.12 Zr Alloy Cold Rolling Plate,” Frontiers in Materials, vol. 7, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Shraboni Sarker et al., “The Effects of Solution Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Hardness of an Aluminum-4% Copper Alloy with Added Nickel and Tin,” Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems, vol. 4, pp. 1-12, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Bijish Babu, “Physically based Model for Plasticity and Creep of Ti-6Al-4V,” Digital Scientific Archive, Licentiate Thesis, Luleå University of Technology, pp. 1-94, 2008.[
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]