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import datetime
from datetime import timedelta
from warnings import warn
import socket
import threading
from struct import pack
from hashlib import md5
from decimal import Decimal
from collections import deque, defaultdict
from itertools import count, islice
from six.moves import map
from six import b, PY2, integer_types, next, text_type, u, binary_type
from uuid import UUID
from copy import deepcopy
from calendar import timegm
from distutils.version import LooseVersion
from struct import Struct
import time
import pg8000
# Copyright (c) 2007-2009, Mathieu Fenniak
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
# and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
# * The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
# derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
# SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
__author__ = "Mathieu Fenniak"
try:
from json import loads
except ImportError:
pass # Can only use JSON with Python 2.6 and above
ZERO = timedelta(0)
class UTC(datetime.tzinfo):
def utcoffset(self, dt):
return ZERO
def tzname(self, dt):
return "UTC"
def dst(self, dt):
return ZERO
utc = UTC()
class Interval(object):
"""An Interval represents a measurement of time. In PostgreSQL, an
interval is defined in the measure of months, days, and microseconds; as
such, the pg8000 interval type represents the same information.
Note that values of the :attr:`microseconds`, :attr:`days` and
:attr:`months` properties are independently measured and cannot be
converted to each other. A month may be 28, 29, 30, or 31 days, and a day
may occasionally be lengthened slightly by a leap second.
.. attribute:: microseconds
Measure of microseconds in the interval.
The microseconds value is constrained to fit into a signed 64-bit
integer. Any attempt to set a value too large or too small will result
in an OverflowError being raised.
.. attribute:: days
Measure of days in the interval.
The days value is constrained to fit into a signed 32-bit integer.
Any attempt to set a value too large or too small will result in an
OverflowError being raised.
.. attribute:: months
Measure of months in the interval.
The months value is constrained to fit into a signed 32-bit integer.
Any attempt to set a value too large or too small will result in an
OverflowError being raised.
"""
def __init__(self, microseconds=0, days=0, months=0):
self.microseconds = microseconds
self.days = days
self.months = months
def _setMicroseconds(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, integer_types):
raise TypeError("microseconds must be an integer type")
elif not (min_int8 < value < max_int8):
raise OverflowError(
"microseconds must be representable as a 64-bit integer")
else:
self._microseconds = value
def _setDays(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, integer_types):
raise TypeError("days must be an integer type")
elif not (min_int4 < value < max_int4):
raise OverflowError(
"days must be representable as a 32-bit integer")
else:
self._days = value
def _setMonths(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, integer_types):
raise TypeError("months must be an integer type")
elif not (min_int4 < value < max_int4):
raise OverflowError(
"months must be representable as a 32-bit integer")
else:
self._months = value
microseconds = property(lambda self: self._microseconds, _setMicroseconds)
days = property(lambda self: self._days, _setDays)
months = property(lambda self: self._months, _setMonths)
def __repr__(self):
return "<Interval %s months %s days %s microseconds>" % (
self.months, self.days, self.microseconds)
def __eq__(self, other):
return other is not None and isinstance(other, Interval) and \
self.months == other.months and self.days == other.days and \
self.microseconds == other.microseconds
def __neq__(self, other):
return not self.__eq__(other)
def pack_funcs(fmt):
struc = Struct('!' + fmt)
return struc.pack, struc.unpack_from
i_pack, i_unpack = pack_funcs('i')
h_pack, h_unpack = pack_funcs('h')
q_pack, q_unpack = pack_funcs('q')
d_pack, d_unpack = pack_funcs('d')
f_pack, f_unpack = pack_funcs('f')
iii_pack, iii_unpack = pack_funcs('iii')
ii_pack, ii_unpack = pack_funcs('ii')
qii_pack, qii_unpack = pack_funcs('qii')
dii_pack, dii_unpack = pack_funcs('dii')
ihihih_pack, ihihih_unpack = pack_funcs('ihihih')
ci_pack, ci_unpack = pack_funcs('ci')
bh_pack, bh_unpack = pack_funcs('bh')
cccc_pack, cccc_unpack = pack_funcs('cccc')
Struct('!i')
min_int2, max_int2 = -2 ** 15, 2 ** 15
min_int4, max_int4 = -2 ** 31, 2 ** 31
min_int8, max_int8 = -2 ** 63, 2 ** 63
class Warning(Exception):
"""Generic exception raised for important database warnings like data
truncations. This exception is not currently used by pg8000.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class Error(Exception):
"""Generic exception that is the base exception of all other error
exceptions.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class InterfaceError(Error):
"""Generic exception raised for errors that are related to the database
interface rather than the database itself. For example, if the interface
attempts to use an SSL connection but the server refuses, an InterfaceError
will be raised.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class DatabaseError(Error):
"""Generic exception raised for errors that are related to the database.
This exception is currently never raised by pg8000.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class DataError(DatabaseError):
"""Generic exception raised for errors that are due to problems with the
processed data. This exception is not currently raised by pg8000.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class OperationalError(DatabaseError):
"""
Generic exception raised for errors that are related to the database's
operation and not necessarily under the control of the programmer. This
exception is currently never raised by pg8000.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class IntegrityError(DatabaseError):
"""
Generic exception raised when the relational integrity of the database is
affected. This exception is not currently raised by pg8000.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class InternalError(DatabaseError):
"""Generic exception raised when the database encounters an internal error.
This is currently only raised when unexpected state occurs in the pg8000
interface itself, and is typically the result of a interface bug.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class ProgrammingError(DatabaseError):
"""Generic exception raised for programming errors. For example, this
exception is raised if more parameter fields are in a query string than
there are available parameters.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class NotSupportedError(DatabaseError):
"""Generic exception raised in case a method or database API was used which
is not supported by the database.
This exception is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
pass
class ArrayContentNotSupportedError(NotSupportedError):
"""
Raised when attempting to transmit an array where the base type is not
supported for binary data transfer by the interface.
"""
pass
class ArrayContentNotHomogenousError(ProgrammingError):
"""
Raised when attempting to transmit an array that doesn't contain only a
single type of object.
"""
pass
class ArrayContentEmptyError(ProgrammingError):
"""Raised when attempting to transmit an empty array. The type oid of an
empty array cannot be determined, and so sending them is not permitted.
"""
pass
class ArrayDimensionsNotConsistentError(ProgrammingError):
"""
Raised when attempting to transmit an array that has inconsistent
multi-dimension sizes.
"""
pass
class Bytea(binary_type):
"""Bytea is a str-derived class that is mapped to a PostgreSQL byte array.
This class is only used in Python 2, the built-in ``bytes`` type is used in
Python 3.
"""
pass
def Date(year, month, day):
"""Constuct an object holding a date value.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:rtype: :class:`datetime.date`
"""
return datetime.date(year, month, day)
def Time(hour, minute, second):
"""Construct an object holding a time value.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:rtype: :class:`datetime.time`
"""
return datetime.time(hour, minute, second)
def Timestamp(year, month, day, hour, minute, second):
"""Construct an object holding a timestamp value.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:rtype: :class:`datetime.datetime`
"""
return datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute, second)
def DateFromTicks(ticks):
"""Construct an object holding a date value from the given ticks value
(number of seconds since the epoch).
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:rtype: :class:`datetime.date`
"""
return Date(*time.localtime(ticks)[:3])
def TimeFromTicks(ticks):
"""Construct an objet holding a time value from the given ticks value
(number of seconds since the epoch).
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:rtype: :class:`datetime.time`
"""
return Time(*time.localtime(ticks)[3:6])
def TimestampFromTicks(ticks):
"""Construct an object holding a timestamp value from the given ticks value
(number of seconds since the epoch).
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:rtype: :class:`datetime.datetime`
"""
return Timestamp(*time.localtime(ticks)[:6])
def Binary(value):
"""Construct an object holding binary data.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:rtype: :class:`pg8000.types.Bytea` for Python 2, otherwise :class:`bytes`
"""
if PY2:
return Bytea(value)
else:
return value
if PY2:
BINARY = Bytea
else:
BINARY = bytes
FC_TEXT = 0
FC_BINARY = 1
BINARY_SPACE = b(" ")
DDL_COMMANDS = b("ALTER"), b("CREATE")
def convert_paramstyle(style, query):
# I don't see any way to avoid scanning the query string char by char,
# so we might as well take that careful approach and create a
# state-based scanner. We'll use int variables for the state.
# 0 -- outside quoted string
# 1 -- inside single-quote string '...'
# 2 -- inside quoted identifier "..."
# 3 -- inside escaped single-quote string, E'...'
# 4 -- inside parameter name eg. :name
OUTSIDE = 0
INSIDE_SQ = 1
INSIDE_QI = 2
INSIDE_ES = 3
INSIDE_PN = 4
in_quote_escape = False
in_param_escape = False
placeholders = []
output_query = []
param_idx = map(lambda x: "$" + str(x), count(1))
state = OUTSIDE
prev_c = None
for i, c in enumerate(query):
if i + 1 < len(query):
next_c = query[i + 1]
else:
next_c = None
if state == OUTSIDE:
if c == "'":
output_query.append(c)
if prev_c == 'E':
state = INSIDE_ES
else:
state = INSIDE_SQ
elif c == '"':
output_query.append(c)
state = INSIDE_QI
elif style == "qmark" and c == "?":
output_query.append(next(param_idx))
elif style == "numeric" and c == ":":
output_query.append("$")
elif style == "named" and c == ":":
state = INSIDE_PN
placeholders.append('')
elif style == "pyformat" and c == '%' and next_c == "(":
state = INSIDE_PN
placeholders.append('')
elif style in ("format", "pyformat") and c == "%":
style = "format"
if in_param_escape:
in_param_escape = False
output_query.append(c)
else:
if next_c == "%":
in_param_escape = True
elif next_c == "s":
state = INSIDE_PN
output_query.append(next(param_idx))
else:
raise InterfaceError(
"Only %s and %% are supported in the query.")
else:
output_query.append(c)
elif state == INSIDE_SQ:
if c == "'":
output_query.append(c)
if in_quote_escape:
in_quote_escape = False
else:
if next_c == "'":
in_quote_escape = True
else:
state = OUTSIDE
elif style in ("pyformat", "format") and c == "%":
# hm... we're only going to support an escaped percent sign
if in_param_escape:
in_param_escape = False
output_query.append(c)
else:
if next_c == "%":
in_param_escape = True
else:
raise InterfaceError(
"'%" + next_c + "' not supported in a quoted "
"string within the query string")
else:
output_query.append(c)
elif state == INSIDE_QI:
if c == '"':
state = OUTSIDE
output_query.append(c)
elif style in ("pyformat", "format") and c == "%":
# hm... we're only going to support an escaped percent sign
if in_param_escape:
in_param_escape = False
output_query.append(c)
else:
if next_c == "%":
in_param_escape = True
else:
raise InterfaceError(
"'%" + next_c + "' not supported in a quoted "
"string within the query string")
else:
output_query.append(c)
elif state == INSIDE_ES:
if c == "'" and prev_c != "\\":
# check for escaped single-quote
output_query.append(c)
state = OUTSIDE
elif style in ("pyformat", "format") and c == "%":
# hm... we're only going to support an escaped percent sign
if in_param_escape:
in_param_escape = False
output_query.append(c)
else:
if next_c == "%":
in_param_escape = True
else:
raise InterfaceError(
"'%" + next_c + "' not supported in a quoted "
"string within the query string.")
else:
output_query.append(c)
elif state == INSIDE_PN:
if style == 'named':
placeholders[-1] += c
if next_c is None or (not next_c.isalnum() and next_c != '_'):
state = OUTSIDE
try:
pidx = placeholders.index(placeholders[-1], 0, -1)
output_query.append("$" + str(pidx + 1))
del placeholders[-1]
except ValueError:
output_query.append("$" + str(len(placeholders)))
elif style == 'pyformat':
if prev_c == ')' and c == "s":
state = OUTSIDE
try:
pidx = placeholders.index(placeholders[-1], 0, -1)
output_query.append("$" + str(pidx + 1))
del placeholders[-1]
except ValueError:
output_query.append("$" + str(len(placeholders)))
elif c in "()":
pass
else:
placeholders[-1] += c
elif style == 'format':
state = OUTSIDE
prev_c = c
if style in ('numeric', 'qmark', 'format'):
def make_args(vals):
return vals
else:
def make_args(vals):
return tuple(vals[p] for p in placeholders)
return ''.join(output_query), make_args
EPOCH = datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 1)
EPOCH_TZ = EPOCH.replace(tzinfo=utc)
EPOCH_SECONDS = timegm(EPOCH.timetuple())
utcfromtimestamp = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp
INFINITY_MICROSECONDS = 2 ** 63 - 1
MINUS_INFINITY_MICROSECONDS = -1 * INFINITY_MICROSECONDS - 1
# data is 64-bit integer representing microseconds since 2000-01-01
def timestamp_recv_integer(data, offset, length):
micros = q_unpack(data, offset)[0]
try:
return EPOCH + timedelta(microseconds=micros)
except OverflowError as e:
if micros == INFINITY_MICROSECONDS:
return datetime.datetime.max
elif micros == MINUS_INFINITY_MICROSECONDS:
return datetime.datetime.min
else:
raise e
# data is double-precision float representing seconds since 2000-01-01
def timestamp_recv_float(data, offset, length):
return utcfromtimestamp(EPOCH_SECONDS + d_unpack(data, offset)[0])
# data is 64-bit integer representing microseconds since 2000-01-01
def timestamp_send_integer(v):
if v == datetime.datetime.max:
micros = INFINITY_MICROSECONDS
elif v == datetime.datetime.min:
micros = MINUS_INFINITY_MICROSECONDS
else:
micros = int(
(timegm(v.timetuple()) - EPOCH_SECONDS) * 1e6) + v.microsecond
return q_pack(micros)
# data is double-precision float representing seconds since 2000-01-01
def timestamp_send_float(v):
return d_pack(timegm(v.timetuple()) + v.microsecond / 1e6 - EPOCH_SECONDS)
def timestamptz_send_integer(v):
# timestamps should be sent as UTC. If they have zone info,
# convert them.
return timestamp_send_integer(v.astimezone(utc).replace(tzinfo=None))
def timestamptz_send_float(v):
# timestamps should be sent as UTC. If they have zone info,
# convert them.
return timestamp_send_float(v.astimezone(utc).replace(tzinfo=None))
DATETIME_MAX_TZ = datetime.datetime.max.replace(tzinfo=utc)
DATETIME_MIN_TZ = datetime.datetime.min.replace(tzinfo=utc)
# return a timezone-aware datetime instance if we're reading from a
# "timestamp with timezone" type. The timezone returned will always be
# UTC, but providing that additional information can permit conversion
# to local.
def timestamptz_recv_integer(data, offset, length):
micros = q_unpack(data, offset)[0]
try:
return EPOCH_TZ + timedelta(microseconds=micros)
except OverflowError as e:
if micros == INFINITY_MICROSECONDS:
return DATETIME_MAX_TZ
elif micros == MINUS_INFINITY_MICROSECONDS:
return DATETIME_MIN_TZ
else:
raise e
def timestamptz_recv_float(data, offset, length):
return timestamp_recv_float(data, offset, length).replace(tzinfo=utc)
def interval_send_integer(v):
microseconds = v.microseconds
try:
microseconds += int(v.seconds * 1e6)
except AttributeError:
pass
try:
months = v.months
except AttributeError:
months = 0
return qii_pack(microseconds, v.days, months)
def interval_send_float(v):
seconds = v.microseconds / 1000.0 / 1000.0
try:
seconds += v.seconds
except AttributeError:
pass
try:
months = v.months
except AttributeError:
months = 0
return dii_pack(seconds, v.days, months)
def interval_recv_integer(data, offset, length):
microseconds, days, months = qii_unpack(data, offset)
if months == 0:
seconds, micros = divmod(microseconds, 1e6)
return datetime.timedelta(days, seconds, micros)
else:
return Interval(microseconds, days, months)
def interval_recv_float(data, offset, length):
seconds, days, months = dii_unpack(data, offset)
if months == 0:
secs, microseconds = divmod(seconds, 1e6)
return datetime.timedelta(days, secs, microseconds)
else:
return Interval(int(seconds * 1000 * 1000), days, months)
def int8_recv(data, offset, length):
return q_unpack(data, offset)[0]
def int2_recv(data, offset, length):
return h_unpack(data, offset)[0]
def int4_recv(data, offset, length):
return i_unpack(data, offset)[0]
def float4_recv(data, offset, length):
return f_unpack(data, offset)[0]
def float8_recv(data, offset, length):
return d_unpack(data, offset)[0]
def bytea_send(v):
return v
# bytea
if PY2:
def bytea_recv(data, offset, length):
return Bytea(data[offset:offset + length])
else:
def bytea_recv(data, offset, length):
return data[offset:offset + length]
def uuid_send(v):
return v.bytes
def uuid_recv(data, offset, length):
return UUID(bytes=data[offset:offset+length])
TRUE = b("\x01")
FALSE = b("\x00")
def bool_send(v):
return TRUE if v else FALSE
NULL = i_pack(-1)
NULL_BYTE = b('\x00')
def null_send(v):
return NULL
def int_in(data, offset, length):
return int(data[offset: offset + length])
class Cursor():
"""A cursor object is returned by the :meth:`~Connection.cursor` method of
a connection. It has the following attributes and methods:
.. attribute:: arraysize
This read/write attribute specifies the number of rows to fetch at a
time with :meth:`fetchmany`. It defaults to 1.
.. attribute:: connection
This read-only attribute contains a reference to the connection object
(an instance of :class:`Connection`) on which the cursor was
created.
This attribute is part of a DBAPI 2.0 extension. Accessing this
attribute will generate the following warning: ``DB-API extension
cursor.connection used``.
.. attribute:: rowcount
This read-only attribute contains the number of rows that the last
``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method produced (for query
statements like ``SELECT``) or affected (for modification statements
like ``UPDATE``).
The value is -1 if:
- No ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method has been performed yet
on the cursor.
- There was no rowcount associated with the last ``execute()``.
- At least one of the statements executed as part of an
``executemany()`` had no row count associated with it.
- Using a ``SELECT`` query statement on PostgreSQL server older than
version 9.
- Using a ``COPY`` query statement on PostgreSQL server version 8.1 or
older.
This attribute is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
.. attribute:: description
This read-only attribute is a sequence of 7-item sequences. Each value
contains information describing one result column. The 7 items
returned for each column are (name, type_code, display_size,
internal_size, precision, scale, null_ok). Only the first two values
are provided by the current implementation.
This attribute is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
def __init__(self, connection):
self._c = connection
self.arraysize = 1
self.ps = None
self._row_count = -1
self._cached_rows = deque()
self.portal_name = None
self.portal_suspended = False
@property
def connection(self):
warn("DB-API extension cursor.connection used", stacklevel=3)
return self._c
@property
def rowcount(self):
return self._row_count
description = property(lambda self: self._getDescription())
def _getDescription(self):
if self.ps is None:
return None
row_desc = self.ps['row_desc']
if len(row_desc) == 0:
return None
columns = []
for col in row_desc:
columns.append(
(col["name"], col["type_oid"], None, None, None, None, None))
return columns
##
# Executes a database operation. Parameters may be provided as a sequence
# or mapping and will be bound to variables in the operation.
# <p>
# Stability: Part of the DBAPI 2.0 specification.
def execute(self, operation, args=None, stream=None):
"""Executes a database operation. Parameters may be provided as a
sequence, or as a mapping, depending upon the value of
:data:`pg8000.paramstyle`.
This method is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:param operation:
The SQL statement to execute.
:param args:
If :data:`paramstyle` is ``qmark``, ``numeric``, or ``format``,
this argument should be an array of parameters to bind into the
statement. If :data:`paramstyle` is ``named``, the argument should
be a dict mapping of parameters. If the :data:`paramstyle` is
``pyformat``, the argument value may be either an array or a
mapping.
:param stream: This is a pg8000 extension for use with the PostgreSQL
`COPY
<http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-copy.html>`_
command. For a COPY FROM the parameter must be a readable file-like
object, and for COPY TO it must be writable.
.. versionadded:: 1.9.11
"""
try:
with self._c._lock:
self.stream = stream
if not self._c.in_transaction and not self._c.autocommit:
self._c.execute(self, "begin transaction", None)
self._c.execute(self, operation, args)
except AttributeError as e:
if self._c is None:
raise InterfaceError("Cursor closed")
elif self._c._sock is None:
raise InterfaceError("connection is closed")
else:
raise e
def executemany(self, operation, param_sets):
"""Prepare a database operation, and then execute it against all
parameter sequences or mappings provided.
This method is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:param operation:
The SQL statement to execute
:param parameter_sets:
A sequence of parameters to execute the statement with. The values
in the sequence should be sequences or mappings of parameters, the
same as the args argument of the :meth:`execute` method.
"""
rowcounts = []
for parameters in param_sets:
self.execute(operation, parameters)
rowcounts.append(self._row_count)
self._row_count = -1 if -1 in rowcounts else sum(rowcounts)
def fetchone(self):
"""Fetch the next row of a query result set.
This method is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:returns:
A row as a sequence of field values, or ``None`` if no more rows
are available.
"""
try:
return next(self)
except StopIteration:
return None
except TypeError:
raise ProgrammingError("attempting to use unexecuted cursor")
except AttributeError:
raise ProgrammingError("attempting to use unexecuted cursor")
def fetchmany(self, num=None):
"""Fetches the next set of rows of a query result.
This method is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:param size:
The number of rows to fetch when called. If not provided, the
:attr:`arraysize` attribute value is used instead.
:returns:
A sequence, each entry of which is a sequence of field values
making up a row. If no more rows are available, an empty sequence
will be returned.
"""
try:
return tuple(
islice(self, self.arraysize if num is None else num))
except TypeError:
raise ProgrammingError("attempting to use unexecuted cursor")
def fetchall(self):
"""Fetches all remaining rows of a query result.
This method is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
:returns:
A sequence, each entry of which is a sequence of field values
making up a row.
"""
try:
return tuple(self)
except TypeError:
raise ProgrammingError("attempting to use unexecuted cursor")
def close(self):
"""Closes the cursor.
This method is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
self._c = None
def __iter__(self):
"""A cursor object is iterable to retrieve the rows from a query.
This is a DBAPI 2.0 extension.
"""
return self
def setinputsizes(self, sizes):
"""This method is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_, however, it is not
implemented by pg8000.
"""
pass
def setoutputsize(self, size, column=None):
"""This method is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_, however, it is not
implemented by pg8000.
"""
pass
def __next__(self):
with self._c._lock:
try:
return self._cached_rows.popleft()
except IndexError:
if self.portal_suspended:
self._c.send_EXECUTE(self)
self._c._write(SYNC_MSG)
self._c._flush()
self._c.handle_messages(self)
if not self.portal_suspended:
self._c.close_portal(self)
try:
return self._cached_rows.popleft()
except IndexError:
if self.ps is None:
raise ProgrammingError("A query hasn't been issued.")
elif len(self.ps['row_desc']) == 0:
raise ProgrammingError("no result set")
else:
raise StopIteration()
if PY2:
Cursor.next = Cursor.__next__
# Message codes
NOTICE_RESPONSE = b("N")
AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST = b("R")
PARAMETER_STATUS = b("S")
BACKEND_KEY_DATA = b("K")
READY_FOR_QUERY = b("Z")
ROW_DESCRIPTION = b("T")
ERROR_RESPONSE = b("E")
DATA_ROW = b("D")
COMMAND_COMPLETE = b("C")
PARSE_COMPLETE = b("1")
BIND_COMPLETE = b("2")
CLOSE_COMPLETE = b("3")
PORTAL_SUSPENDED = b("s")
NO_DATA = b("n")
PARAMETER_DESCRIPTION = b("t")
NOTIFICATION_RESPONSE = b("A")
COPY_DONE = b("c")
COPY_DATA = b("d")
COPY_IN_RESPONSE = b("G")
COPY_OUT_RESPONSE = b("H")
EMPTY_QUERY_RESPONSE = b("I")
BIND = b("B")
PARSE = b("P")
EXECUTE = b("E")
FLUSH = b('H')
SYNC = b('S')
PASSWORD = b('p')
DESCRIBE = b('D')
TERMINATE = b('X')
CLOSE = b('C')
FLUSH_MSG = FLUSH + i_pack(4)
SYNC_MSG = SYNC + i_pack(4)
TERMINATE_MSG = TERMINATE + i_pack(4)
COPY_DONE_MSG = COPY_DONE + i_pack(4)
# DESCRIBE constants
STATEMENT = b('S')
PORTAL = b('P')
# ErrorResponse codes
RESPONSE_SEVERITY = b("S") # always present
RESPONSE_CODE = b("C") # always present
RESPONSE_MSG = b("M") # always present
RESPONSE_DETAIL = b("D")
RESPONSE_HINT = b("H")
RESPONSE_POSITION = b("P")
RESPONSE__POSITION = b("p")
RESPONSE__QUERY = b("q")
RESPONSE_WHERE = b("W")
RESPONSE_FILE = b("F")
RESPONSE_LINE = b("L")
RESPONSE_ROUTINE = b("R")
IDLE = b("I")
IDLE_IN_TRANSACTION = b("T")
IDLE_IN_FAILED_TRANSACTION = b("E")
arr_trans = dict(zip(map(ord, u("[] 'u")), list(u('{}')) + [None] * 3))
class MulticastDelegate(object):
def __init__(self):
self.delegates = []
def __iadd__(self, delegate):
self.add(delegate)
return self
def add(self, delegate):
self.delegates.append(delegate)
def __isub__(self, delegate):
self.delegates.remove(delegate)
return self
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
for d in self.delegates:
d(*args, **kwargs)
class Connection(object):
"""A connection object is returned by the :func:`pg8000.connect` function.
It represents a single physical connection to a PostgreSQL database.
.. attribute:: Connection.notifies
A list of server-side notifications received by this database
connection (via the LISTEN/NOTIFY PostgreSQL commands). Each list
element is a two-element tuple containing the PostgreSQL backend PID
that issued the notify, and the notification name.
PostgreSQL will only send notifications to a client between
transactions. The contents of this property are generally only
populated after a commit or rollback of the current transaction.
This list can be modified by a client application to clean out
notifications as they are handled. However, inspecting or modifying
this collection should only be done while holding the
:attr:`notifies_lock` lock in order to guarantee thread-safety.
This attribute is not part of the DBAPI standard; it is a pg8000
extension.
.. versionadded:: 1.07
.. attribute:: Connection.notifies_lock
A :class:`threading.Lock` object that should be held to read or
modify the contents of the :attr:`notifies` list.
This attribute is not part of the DBAPI standard; it is a pg8000
extension.
.. versionadded:: 1.07
.. attribute:: Connection.autocommit
Following the DB-API specification, autocommit is off by default.
It can be turned on by setting this boolean pg8000-specific autocommit
property to True.
.. versionadded:: 1.9
.. exception:: Connection.Error
Connection.Warning
Connection.InterfaceError
Connection.DatabaseError
Connection.InternalError
Connection.OperationalError
Connection.ProgrammingError
Connection.IntegrityError
Connection.DataError
Connection.NotSupportedError
All of the standard database exception types are accessible via
connection instances.
This is a DBAPI 2.0 extension. Accessing any of these attributes will
generate the warning ``DB-API extension connection.DatabaseError
used``.
"""
# DBAPI Extension: supply exceptions as attributes on the connection
Warning = property(lambda self: self._getError(Warning))
Error = property(lambda self: self._getError(Error))
InterfaceError = property(lambda self: self._getError(InterfaceError))
DatabaseError = property(lambda self: self._getError(DatabaseError))
OperationalError = property(lambda self: self._getError(OperationalError))
IntegrityError = property(lambda self: self._getError(IntegrityError))
InternalError = property(lambda self: self._getError(InternalError))
ProgrammingError = property(lambda self: self._getError(ProgrammingError))
NotSupportedError = property(
lambda self: self._getError(NotSupportedError))
# Determines the number of rows to read from the database server at once.
# Reading more rows increases performance at the cost of memory. The
# default value is 100 rows. The effect of this parameter is transparent.
# That is, the library reads more rows when the cache is empty
# automatically.
_row_cache_size = 100
_row_cache_size_bin = i_pack(_row_cache_size)
def _getError(self, error):
warn(
"DB-API extension connection.%s used" %
error.__name__, stacklevel=3)
return error
def __init__(
self, user, host, unix_sock, port, database, password, ssl,
timeout):
self._client_encoding = "utf8"
self._commands_with_count = (
b("INSERT"), b("DELETE"), b("UPDATE"), b("MOVE"),
b("FETCH"), b("COPY"), b("SELECT"))
self._lock = threading.Lock()
if user is None:
raise InterfaceError(
"The 'user' connection parameter cannot be None")
if isinstance(user, text_type):
self.user = user.encode('utf8')
else:
self.user = user
if isinstance(password, text_type):
self.password = password.encode('utf8')
else:
self.password = password
self.autocommit = False
self._xid = None
self._caches = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))
self.statement_number = 0
self.portal_number = 0
try:
if unix_sock is None and host is not None:
self._usock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
elif unix_sock is not None:
if not hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"):
raise InterfaceError(
"attempt to connect to unix socket on unsupported "
"platform")
self._usock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
else:
raise ProgrammingError(
"one of host or unix_sock must be provided")
if not PY2 and timeout is not None:
self._usock.settimeout(timeout)
if unix_sock is None and host is not None:
self._usock.connect((host, port))
elif unix_sock is not None:
self._usock.connect(unix_sock)
if ssl:
with self._lock:
try:
import ssl as sslmodule
# Int32(8) - Message length, including self.
# Int32(80877103) - The SSL request code.
self._usock.sendall(ii_pack(8, 80877103))
resp = self._usock.recv(1)
if resp == b('S'):
self._usock = sslmodule.wrap_socket(self._usock)
else:
raise InterfaceError("Server refuses SSL")
except ImportError:
raise InterfaceError(
"SSL required but ssl module not available in "
"this python installation")
self._sock = self._usock.makefile(mode="rwb")
except socket.error as e:
self._usock.close()
raise InterfaceError("communication error", e)
self._flush = self._sock.flush
self._read = self._sock.read
self._write = self._sock.write
self._backend_key_data = None
##
# An event handler that is fired when the database server issues a
# notice.
# The value of this property is a MulticastDelegate. A callback
# can be added by using connection.NotificationReceived += SomeMethod.
# The method will be called with a single argument, an object that has
# properties: severity, code, msg, and possibly others (detail, hint,
# position, where, file, line, and routine). Callbacks can be removed
# with the -= operator.
# <p>
# Stability: Added in v1.03, stability guaranteed for v1.xx.
self.NoticeReceived = MulticastDelegate()
##
# An event handler that is fired when a runtime configuration option is
# changed on the server. The value of this property is a
# MulticastDelegate. A callback can be added by using
# connection.NotificationReceived += SomeMethod. Callbacks can be
# removed with the -= operator. The method will be called with a single
# argument, an object that has properties "key" and "value".
# <p>
# Stability: Added in v1.03, stability guaranteed for v1.xx.
self.ParameterStatusReceived = MulticastDelegate()
##
# An event handler that is fired when NOTIFY occurs for a notification
# that has been LISTEN'd for. The value of this property is a
# MulticastDelegate. A callback can be added by using
# connection.NotificationReceived += SomeMethod. The method will be
# called with a single argument, an object that has properties:
# backend_pid, condition, and additional_info. Callbacks can be
# removed with the -= operator.
# <p>
# Stability: Added in v1.03, stability guaranteed for v1.xx.
self.NotificationReceived = MulticastDelegate()
self.ParameterStatusReceived += self.handle_PARAMETER_STATUS
def text_out(v):
return v.encode(self._client_encoding)
def time_out(v):
return v.isoformat().encode(self._client_encoding)
def date_out(v):
if v == datetime.date.max:
return 'infinity'.encode(self._client_encoding)
elif v == datetime.date.min:
return '-infinity'.encode(self._client_encoding)
else:
return v.isoformat().encode(self._client_encoding)
def unknown_out(v):
return str(v).encode(self._client_encoding)
trans_tab = dict(zip(map(ord, u('{}')), u('[]')))
glbls = {'Decimal': Decimal}
def array_in(data, idx, length):
arr = []
prev_c = None
for c in data[idx:idx+length].decode(
self._client_encoding).translate(
trans_tab).replace(u('NULL'), u('None')):
if c not in ('[', ']', ',', 'N') and prev_c in ('[', ','):
arr.extend("Decimal('")
elif c in (']', ',') and prev_c not in ('[', ']', ',', 'e'):
arr.extend("')")
arr.append(c)
prev_c = c
return eval(''.join(arr), glbls)
def array_recv(data, idx, length):
final_idx = idx + length
dim, hasnull, typeoid = iii_unpack(data, idx)
idx += 12
# get type conversion method for typeoid
conversion = self.pg_types[typeoid][1]
# Read dimension info
dim_lengths = []
for i in range(dim):
dim_lengths.append(ii_unpack(data, idx)[0])
idx += 8
# Read all array values
values = []
while idx < final_idx:
element_len, = i_unpack(data, idx)
idx += 4
if element_len == -1:
values.append(None)
else:
values.append(conversion(data, idx, element_len))
idx += element_len
# at this point, {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}}::int[][] looks like
# [1,2,3,4,5,6]. go through the dimensions and fix up the array
# contents to match expected dimensions
for length in reversed(dim_lengths[1:]):
values = list(map(list, zip(*[iter(values)] * length)))
return values
def vector_in(data, idx, length):
return eval('[' + data[idx:idx+length].decode(
self._client_encoding).replace(' ', ',') + ']')
if PY2:
def text_recv(data, offset, length):
return unicode( # noqa
data[offset: offset + length], self._client_encoding)
def bool_recv(d, o, l):
return d[o] == "\x01"
def json_in(data, offset, length):
return loads(unicode( # noqa
data[offset: offset + length], self._client_encoding))
else:
def text_recv(data, offset, length):
return str(
data[offset: offset + length], self._client_encoding)
def bool_recv(data, offset, length):
return data[offset] == 1
def json_in(data, offset, length):
return loads(
str(data[offset: offset + length], self._client_encoding))
def time_in(data, offset, length):
hour = int(data[offset:offset + 2])
minute = int(data[offset + 3:offset + 5])
sec = Decimal(
data[offset + 6:offset + length].decode(self._client_encoding))
return datetime.time(
hour, minute, int(sec), int((sec - int(sec)) * 1000000))
def date_in(data, offset, length):
year_str = data[offset:offset + 4].decode(self._client_encoding)
if year_str == 'infi':
return datetime.date.max
elif year_str == '-inf':
return datetime.date.min
else:
return datetime.date(
int(year_str), int(data[offset + 5:offset + 7]),
int(data[offset + 8:offset + 10]))
def numeric_in(data, offset, length):
return Decimal(
data[offset: offset + length].decode(self._client_encoding))
def numeric_out(d):
return str(d).encode(self._client_encoding)
self.pg_types = defaultdict(
lambda: (FC_TEXT, text_recv), {
16: (FC_BINARY, bool_recv), # boolean
17: (FC_BINARY, bytea_recv), # bytea
19: (FC_BINARY, text_recv), # name type
20: (FC_BINARY, int8_recv), # int8
21: (FC_BINARY, int2_recv), # int2
22: (FC_TEXT, vector_in), # int2vector
23: (FC_BINARY, int4_recv), # int4
25: (FC_BINARY, text_recv), # TEXT type
26: (FC_TEXT, int_in), # oid
28: (FC_TEXT, int_in), # xid
114: (FC_TEXT, json_in), # json
700: (FC_BINARY, float4_recv), # float4
701: (FC_BINARY, float8_recv), # float8
705: (FC_BINARY, text_recv), # unknown
829: (FC_TEXT, text_recv), # MACADDR type
1000: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # BOOL[]
1003: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # NAME[]
1005: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # INT2[]
1007: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # INT4[]
1009: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # TEXT[]
1014: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # CHAR[]
1015: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # VARCHAR[]
1016: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # INT8[]
1021: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # FLOAT4[]
1022: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # FLOAT8[]
1042: (FC_BINARY, text_recv), # CHAR type
1043: (FC_BINARY, text_recv), # VARCHAR type
1082: (FC_TEXT, date_in), # date
1083: (FC_TEXT, time_in),
1114: (FC_BINARY, timestamp_recv_float), # timestamp w/ tz
1184: (FC_BINARY, timestamptz_recv_float),
1186: (FC_BINARY, interval_recv_integer),
1231: (FC_TEXT, array_in), # NUMERIC[]
1263: (FC_BINARY, array_recv), # cstring[]
1700: (FC_TEXT, numeric_in), # NUMERIC
2275: (FC_BINARY, text_recv), # cstring
2950: (FC_BINARY, uuid_recv), # uuid
3802: (FC_TEXT, json_in), # jsonb
})
self.py_types = {
type(None): (-1, FC_BINARY, null_send), # null
bool: (16, FC_BINARY, bool_send),
int: (705, FC_TEXT, unknown_out),
float: (701, FC_BINARY, d_pack), # float8
datetime.date: (1082, FC_TEXT, date_out), # date
datetime.time: (1083, FC_TEXT, time_out), # time
1114: (1114, FC_BINARY, timestamp_send_integer), # timestamp
# timestamp w/ tz
1184: (1184, FC_BINARY, timestamptz_send_integer),
datetime.timedelta: (1186, FC_BINARY, interval_send_integer),
Interval: (1186, FC_BINARY, interval_send_integer),
Decimal: (1700, FC_TEXT, numeric_out), # Decimal
UUID: (2950, FC_BINARY, uuid_send), # uuid
}
self.inspect_funcs = {
datetime.datetime: self.inspect_datetime,
list: self.array_inspect,
tuple: self.array_inspect,
}
if PY2:
self.py_types[Bytea] = (17, FC_BINARY, bytea_send) # bytea
self.py_types[text_type] = (705, FC_TEXT, text_out) # unknown
self.py_types[str] = (705, FC_TEXT, bytea_send) # unknown
self.py_types[long] = (705, FC_TEXT, unknown_out) # noqa
else:
self.py_types[bytes] = (17, FC_BINARY, bytea_send) # bytea
self.py_types[str] = (705, FC_TEXT, text_out) # unknown
try:
from ipaddress import (
ip_address, IPv4Address, IPv6Address, ip_network, IPv4Network,
IPv6Network)
def inet_out(v):
return str(v).encode(self._client_encoding)
def inet_in(data, offset, length):
inet_str = data[offset: offset + length].decode(
self._client_encoding)
if '/' in inet_str:
return ip_network(inet_str, False)
else:
return ip_address(inet_str)
self.py_types[IPv4Address] = (869, FC_TEXT, inet_out) # inet
self.py_types[IPv6Address] = (869, FC_TEXT, inet_out) # inet
self.py_types[IPv4Network] = (869, FC_TEXT, inet_out) # inet
self.py_types[IPv6Network] = (869, FC_TEXT, inet_out) # inet
self.pg_types[869] = (FC_TEXT, inet_in) # inet
except ImportError:
pass
self.message_types = {
NOTICE_RESPONSE: self.handle_NOTICE_RESPONSE,
AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST: self.handle_AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST,
PARAMETER_STATUS: self.handle_PARAMETER_STATUS,
BACKEND_KEY_DATA: self.handle_BACKEND_KEY_DATA,
READY_FOR_QUERY: self.handle_READY_FOR_QUERY,
ROW_DESCRIPTION: self.handle_ROW_DESCRIPTION,
ERROR_RESPONSE: self.handle_ERROR_RESPONSE,
EMPTY_QUERY_RESPONSE: self.handle_EMPTY_QUERY_RESPONSE,
DATA_ROW: self.handle_DATA_ROW,
COMMAND_COMPLETE: self.handle_COMMAND_COMPLETE,
PARSE_COMPLETE: self.handle_PARSE_COMPLETE,
BIND_COMPLETE: self.handle_BIND_COMPLETE,
CLOSE_COMPLETE: self.handle_CLOSE_COMPLETE,
PORTAL_SUSPENDED: self.handle_PORTAL_SUSPENDED,
NO_DATA: self.handle_NO_DATA,
PARAMETER_DESCRIPTION: self.handle_PARAMETER_DESCRIPTION,
NOTIFICATION_RESPONSE: self.handle_NOTIFICATION_RESPONSE,
COPY_DONE: self.handle_COPY_DONE,
COPY_DATA: self.handle_COPY_DATA,
COPY_IN_RESPONSE: self.handle_COPY_IN_RESPONSE,
COPY_OUT_RESPONSE: self.handle_COPY_OUT_RESPONSE}
# Int32 - Message length, including self.
# Int32(196608) - Protocol version number. Version 3.0.
# Any number of key/value pairs, terminated by a zero byte:
# String - A parameter name (user, database, or options)
# String - Parameter value
protocol = 196608
val = bytearray(
i_pack(protocol) + b("user\x00") + self.user + NULL_BYTE)
if database is not None:
if isinstance(database, text_type):
database = database.encode('utf8')
val.extend(b("database\x00") + database + NULL_BYTE)
val.append(0)
self._write(i_pack(len(val) + 4))
self._write(val)
self._flush()
self._cursor = self.cursor()
with self._lock:
try:
code = self.error = None
while code not in (READY_FOR_QUERY, ERROR_RESPONSE):
code, data_len = ci_unpack(self._read(5))
self.message_types[code](self._read(data_len - 4), None)
if self.error is not None:
raise self.error
except Exception as e:
try:
self._close()
except Exception:
pass
raise e
self.in_transaction = False
self.notifies = []
self.notifies_lock = threading.Lock()
def handle_ERROR_RESPONSE(self, data, ps):
responses = tuple(
(s[0:1], s[1:].decode(self._client_encoding)) for s in
data.split(NULL_BYTE))
msg_dict = dict(responses)
if msg_dict[RESPONSE_CODE] == "28000":
self.error = InterfaceError("md5 password authentication failed")
else:
self.error = ProgrammingError(*tuple(v for k, v in responses))
def handle_EMPTY_QUERY_RESPONSE(self, data, ps):
self.error = ProgrammingError("query was empty")
def handle_CLOSE_COMPLETE(self, data, ps):
pass
def handle_PARSE_COMPLETE(self, data, ps):
# Byte1('1') - Identifier.
# Int32(4) - Message length, including self.
pass
def handle_BIND_COMPLETE(self, data, ps):
pass
def handle_PORTAL_SUSPENDED(self, data, cursor):
cursor.portal_suspended = True
def handle_PARAMETER_DESCRIPTION(self, data, ps):
# Well, we don't really care -- we're going to send whatever we
# want and let the database deal with it. But thanks anyways!
# count = h_unpack(data)[0]
# type_oids = unpack_from("!" + "i" * count, data, 2)
pass
def handle_COPY_DONE(self, data, ps):
self._copy_done = True
def handle_COPY_OUT_RESPONSE(self, data, ps):
# Int8(1) - 0 textual, 1 binary
# Int16(2) - Number of columns
# Int16(N) - Format codes for each column (0 text, 1 binary)
is_binary, num_cols = bh_unpack(data)
# column_formats = unpack_from('!' + 'h' * num_cols, data, 3)
if ps.stream is None:
raise InterfaceError(
"An output stream is required for the COPY OUT response.")
def handle_COPY_DATA(self, data, ps):
ps.stream.write(data)
def handle_COPY_IN_RESPONSE(self, data, ps):
# Int16(2) - Number of columns
# Int16(N) - Format codes for each column (0 text, 1 binary)
is_binary, num_cols = bh_unpack(data)
# column_formats = unpack_from('!' + 'h' * num_cols, data, 3)
assert self._lock.locked()
if ps.stream is None:
raise InterfaceError(
"An input stream is required for the COPY IN response.")
if PY2:
while True:
data = ps.stream.read(8192)
if not data:
break
self._write(COPY_DATA + i_pack(len(data) + 4))
self._write(data)
self._flush()
else:
bffr = bytearray(8192)
while True:
bytes_read = ps.stream.readinto(bffr)
if bytes_read == 0:
break
self._write(COPY_DATA + i_pack(bytes_read + 4))
self._write(bffr[:bytes_read])
self._flush()
# Send CopyDone
# Byte1('c') - Identifier.
# Int32(4) - Message length, including self.
self._write(COPY_DONE_MSG)
self._write(SYNC_MSG)
self._flush()
def handle_NOTIFICATION_RESPONSE(self, data, ps):
self.NotificationReceived(data)
##
# A message sent if this connection receives a NOTIFY that it was
# LISTENing for.
# <p>
# Stability: Added in pg8000 v1.03. When limited to accessing
# properties from a notification event dispatch, stability is
# guaranteed for v1.xx.
backend_pid = i_unpack(data)[0]
idx = 4
null = data.find(NULL_BYTE, idx) - idx
condition = data[idx:idx + null].decode("ascii")
idx += null + 1
null = data.find(NULL_BYTE, idx) - idx
# additional_info = data[idx:idx + null]
# psycopg2 compatible notification interface
with self.notifies_lock:
self.notifies.append((backend_pid, condition))
def cursor(self):
"""Creates a :class:`Cursor` object bound to this
connection.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
return Cursor(self)
def commit(self):
"""Commits the current database transaction.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
with self._lock:
self.execute(self._cursor, "commit", None)
def rollback(self):
"""Rolls back the current database transaction.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
with self._lock:
self.execute(self._cursor, "rollback", None)
def _close(self):
try:
# Byte1('X') - Identifies the message as a terminate message.
# Int32(4) - Message length, including self.
self._write(TERMINATE_MSG)
self._flush()
self._sock.close()
except AttributeError:
raise InterfaceError("connection is closed")
except ValueError:
raise InterfaceError("connection is closed")
except socket.error as e:
raise OperationalError(str(e))
finally:
self._usock.close()
self._sock = None
def close(self):
"""Closes the database connection.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
with self._lock:
self._close()
def handle_AUTHENTICATION_REQUEST(self, data, cursor):
assert self._lock.locked()
# Int32 - An authentication code that represents different
# authentication messages:
# 0 = AuthenticationOk
# 5 = MD5 pwd
# 2 = Kerberos v5 (not supported by pg8000)
# 3 = Cleartext pwd
# 4 = crypt() pwd (not supported by pg8000)
# 6 = SCM credential (not supported by pg8000)
# 7 = GSSAPI (not supported by pg8000)
# 8 = GSSAPI data (not supported by pg8000)
# 9 = SSPI (not supported by pg8000)
# Some authentication messages have additional data following the
# authentication code. That data is documented in the appropriate
# class.
auth_code = i_unpack(data)[0]
if auth_code == 0:
pass
elif auth_code == 3:
if self.password is None:
raise InterfaceError(
"server requesting password authentication, but no "
"password was provided")
self._send_message(PASSWORD, self.password + NULL_BYTE)
self._flush()
elif auth_code == 5:
##
# A message representing the backend requesting an MD5 hashed
# password response. The response will be sent as
# md5(md5(pwd + login) + salt).
# Additional message data:
# Byte4 - Hash salt.
salt = b("").join(cccc_unpack(data, 4))
if self.password is None:
raise InterfaceError(
"server requesting MD5 password authentication, but no "
"password was provided")
pwd = b("md5") + md5(
md5(self.password + self.user).hexdigest().encode("ascii") +
salt).hexdigest().encode("ascii")
# Byte1('p') - Identifies the message as a password message.
# Int32 - Message length including self.
# String - The password. Password may be encrypted.
self._send_message(PASSWORD, pwd + NULL_BYTE)
self._flush()
elif auth_code in (2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9):
raise InterfaceError(
"Authentication method " + str(auth_code) +
" not supported by pg8000.")
else:
raise InterfaceError(
"Authentication method " + str(auth_code) +
" not recognized by pg8000.")
def handle_READY_FOR_QUERY(self, data, ps):
# Byte1 - Status indicator.
self.in_transaction = data != IDLE
def handle_BACKEND_KEY_DATA(self, data, ps):
self._backend_key_data = data
def inspect_datetime(self, value):
if value.tzinfo is None:
return self.py_types[1114] # timestamp
else:
return self.py_types[1184] # send as timestamptz
def make_params(self, values):
params = []
for value in values:
typ = type(value)
try:
params.append(self.py_types[typ])
except KeyError:
try:
params.append(self.inspect_funcs[typ](value))
except KeyError as e:
raise NotSupportedError(
"type " + str(e) + "not mapped to pg type")
return tuple(params)
def handle_ROW_DESCRIPTION(self, data, cursor):
count = h_unpack(data)[0]
idx = 2
for i in range(count):
name = data[idx:data.find(NULL_BYTE, idx)]
idx += len(name) + 1
field = dict(
zip((
"table_oid", "column_attrnum", "type_oid", "type_size",
"type_modifier", "format"), ihihih_unpack(data, idx)))
field['name'] = name
idx += 18
cursor.ps['row_desc'].append(field)
field['pg8000_fc'], field['func'] = \
self.pg_types[field['type_oid']]
def execute(self, cursor, operation, vals):
if vals is None:
vals = ()
paramstyle = pg8000.paramstyle
cache = self._caches[paramstyle]
try:
statement, make_args = cache['statement'][operation]
except KeyError:
statement, make_args = convert_paramstyle(paramstyle, operation)
cache['statement'][operation] = statement, make_args
args = make_args(vals)
params = self.make_params(args)
key = operation, params
try:
ps = cache['ps'][key]
cursor.ps = ps
except KeyError:
statement_name = "pg8000_statement_" + str(self.statement_number)
self.statement_number += 1
statement_name_bin = statement_name.encode('ascii') + NULL_BYTE
ps = {
'row_desc': [],
'param_funcs': tuple(x[2] for x in params),
}
cursor.ps = ps
param_fcs = tuple(x[1] for x in params)
# Byte1('P') - Identifies the message as a Parse command.
# Int32 - Message length, including self.
# String - Prepared statement name. An empty string selects the
# unnamed prepared statement.
# String - The query string.
# Int16 - Number of parameter data types specified (can be zero).
# For each parameter:
# Int32 - The OID of the parameter data type.
val = bytearray(statement_name_bin)
val.extend(statement.encode(self._client_encoding) + NULL_BYTE)
val.extend(h_pack(len(params)))
for oid, fc, send_func in params:
# Parse message doesn't seem to handle the -1 type_oid for NULL
# values that other messages handle. So we'll provide type_oid
# 705, the PG "unknown" type.
val.extend(i_pack(705 if oid == -1 else oid))
# Byte1('D') - Identifies the message as a describe command.
# Int32 - Message length, including self.
# Byte1 - 'S' for prepared statement, 'P' for portal.
# String - The name of the item to describe.
self._send_message(PARSE, val)
self._send_message(DESCRIBE, STATEMENT + statement_name_bin)
self._write(SYNC_MSG)
try:
self._flush()
except AttributeError as e:
if self._sock is None:
raise InterfaceError("connection is closed")
else:
raise e
except socket.error as e:
raise OperationalError(str(e))
self.handle_messages(cursor)
# We've got row_desc that allows us to identify what we're
# going to get back from this statement.
output_fc = tuple(
self.pg_types[f['type_oid']][0] for f in ps['row_desc'])
ps['input_funcs'] = tuple(f['func'] for f in ps['row_desc'])
# Byte1('B') - Identifies the Bind command.
# Int32 - Message length, including self.
# String - Name of the destination portal.
# String - Name of the source prepared statement.
# Int16 - Number of parameter format codes.
# For each parameter format code:
# Int16 - The parameter format code.
# Int16 - Number of parameter values.
# For each parameter value:
# Int32 - The length of the parameter value, in bytes, not
# including this length. -1 indicates a NULL parameter
# value, in which no value bytes follow.
# Byte[n] - Value of the parameter.
# Int16 - The number of result-column format codes.
# For each result-column format code:
# Int16 - The format code.
ps['bind_1'] = statement_name_bin + h_pack(len(params)) + \
pack("!" + "h" * len(param_fcs), *param_fcs) + \
h_pack(len(params))
ps['bind_2'] = h_pack(len(output_fc)) + \
pack("!" + "h" * len(output_fc), *output_fc)
cache['ps'][key] = ps
cursor._cached_rows.clear()
cursor._row_count = -1
cursor.portal_name = "pg8000_portal_" + str(self.portal_number)
self.portal_number += 1
cursor.portal_name_bin = cursor.portal_name.encode('ascii') + NULL_BYTE
cursor.execute_msg = cursor.portal_name_bin + \
Connection._row_cache_size_bin
# Byte1('B') - Identifies the Bind command.
# Int32 - Message length, including self.
# String - Name of the destination portal.
# String - Name of the source prepared statement.
# Int16 - Number of parameter format codes.
# For each parameter format code:
# Int16 - The parameter format code.
# Int16 - Number of parameter values.
# For each parameter value:
# Int32 - The length of the parameter value, in bytes, not
# including this length. -1 indicates a NULL parameter
# value, in which no value bytes follow.
# Byte[n] - Value of the parameter.
# Int16 - The number of result-column format codes.
# For each result-column format code:
# Int16 - The format code.
retval = bytearray(cursor.portal_name_bin + ps['bind_1'])
for value, send_func in zip(args, ps['param_funcs']):
if value is None:
val = NULL
else:
val = send_func(value)
retval.extend(i_pack(len(val)))
retval.extend(val)
retval.extend(ps['bind_2'])
self._send_message(BIND, retval)
self.send_EXECUTE(cursor)
self._write(SYNC_MSG)
self._flush()
self.handle_messages(cursor)
if cursor.portal_suspended:
if self.autocommit:
raise InterfaceError(
"With autocommit on, it's not possible to retrieve more "
"rows than the pg8000 cache size, as the portal is closed "
"when the transaction is closed.")
else:
self.close_portal(cursor)
def _send_message(self, code, data):
try:
self._write(code)
self._write(i_pack(len(data) + 4))
self._write(data)
self._write(FLUSH_MSG)
except ValueError as e:
if str(e) == "write to closed file":
raise InterfaceError("connection is closed")
else:
raise e
except AttributeError:
raise InterfaceError("connection is closed")
def send_EXECUTE(self, cursor):
# Byte1('E') - Identifies the message as an execute message.
# Int32 - Message length, including self.
# String - The name of the portal to execute.
# Int32 - Maximum number of rows to return, if portal
# contains a query # that returns rows.
# 0 = no limit.
cursor.portal_suspended = False
self._send_message(EXECUTE, cursor.execute_msg)
def handle_NO_DATA(self, msg, ps):
pass
def handle_COMMAND_COMPLETE(self, data, cursor):
values = data[:-1].split(BINARY_SPACE)
command = values[0]
if command in self._commands_with_count:
row_count = int(values[-1])
if cursor._row_count == -1:
cursor._row_count = row_count
else:
cursor._row_count += row_count
if command in DDL_COMMANDS:
for k in self._caches:
self._caches[k]['ps'].clear()
def handle_DATA_ROW(self, data, cursor):
data_idx = 2
row = []
for func in cursor.ps['input_funcs']:
vlen = i_unpack(data, data_idx)[0]
data_idx += 4
if vlen == -1:
row.append(None)
else:
row.append(func(data, data_idx, vlen))
data_idx += vlen
cursor._cached_rows.append(row)
def handle_messages(self, cursor):
code = self.error = None
try:
while code != READY_FOR_QUERY:
code, data_len = ci_unpack(self._read(5))
self.message_types[code](self._read(data_len - 4), cursor)
except:
self._close()
raise
if self.error is not None:
raise self.error
# Byte1('C') - Identifies the message as a close command.
# Int32 - Message length, including self.
# Byte1 - 'S' for prepared statement, 'P' for portal.
# String - The name of the item to close.
def close_portal(self, cursor):
self._send_message(CLOSE, PORTAL + cursor.portal_name_bin)
self._write(SYNC_MSG)
self._flush()
self.handle_messages(cursor)
# Byte1('N') - Identifier
# Int32 - Message length
# Any number of these, followed by a zero byte:
# Byte1 - code identifying the field type (see responseKeys)
# String - field value
def handle_NOTICE_RESPONSE(self, data, ps):
resp = dict((s[0:1], s[1:]) for s in data.split(NULL_BYTE))
self.NoticeReceived(resp)
def handle_PARAMETER_STATUS(self, data, ps):
pos = data.find(NULL_BYTE)
key, value = data[:pos], data[pos + 1:-1]
if key == b("client_encoding"):
encoding = value.decode("ascii").lower()
self._client_encoding = pg_to_py_encodings.get(encoding, encoding)
elif key == b("integer_datetimes"):
if value == b('on'):
self.py_types[1114] = (1114, FC_BINARY, timestamp_send_integer)
self.pg_types[1114] = (FC_BINARY, timestamp_recv_integer)
self.py_types[1184] = (
1184, FC_BINARY, timestamptz_send_integer)
self.pg_types[1184] = (FC_BINARY, timestamptz_recv_integer)
self.py_types[Interval] = (
1186, FC_BINARY, interval_send_integer)
self.py_types[datetime.timedelta] = (
1186, FC_BINARY, interval_send_integer)
self.pg_types[1186] = (FC_BINARY, interval_recv_integer)
else:
self.py_types[1114] = (1114, FC_BINARY, timestamp_send_float)
self.pg_types[1114] = (FC_BINARY, timestamp_recv_float)
self.py_types[1184] = (1184, FC_BINARY, timestamptz_send_float)
self.pg_types[1184] = (FC_BINARY, timestamptz_recv_float)
self.py_types[Interval] = (
1186, FC_BINARY, interval_send_float)
self.py_types[datetime.timedelta] = (
1186, FC_BINARY, interval_send_float)
self.pg_types[1186] = (FC_BINARY, interval_recv_float)
elif key == b("server_version"):
self._server_version = LooseVersion(value.decode('ascii'))
if self._server_version < LooseVersion('8.2.0'):
self._commands_with_count = (
b("INSERT"), b("DELETE"), b("UPDATE"), b("MOVE"),
b("FETCH"))
elif self._server_version < LooseVersion('9.0.0'):
self._commands_with_count = (
b("INSERT"), b("DELETE"), b("UPDATE"), b("MOVE"),
b("FETCH"), b("COPY"))
def array_inspect(self, value):
# Check if array has any values. If not, we can't determine the proper
# array oid.
first_element = array_find_first_element(value)
if first_element is None:
raise ArrayContentEmptyError("array has no values")
# supported array output
typ = type(first_element)
if issubclass(typ, integer_types):
# special int array support -- send as smallest possible array type
typ = integer_types
int2_ok, int4_ok, int8_ok = True, True, True
for v in array_flatten(value):
if v is None:
continue
if min_int2 < v < max_int2:
continue
int2_ok = False
if min_int4 < v < max_int4:
continue
int4_ok = False
if min_int8 < v < max_int8:
continue
int8_ok = False
if int2_ok:
array_oid = 1005 # INT2[]
oid, fc, send_func = (21, FC_BINARY, h_pack)
elif int4_ok:
array_oid = 1007 # INT4[]
oid, fc, send_func = (23, FC_BINARY, i_pack)
elif int8_ok:
array_oid = 1016 # INT8[]
oid, fc, send_func = (20, FC_BINARY, q_pack)
else:
raise ArrayContentNotSupportedError(
"numeric not supported as array contents")
else:
try:
oid, fc, send_func = self.make_params((first_element,))[0]
# If unknown, assume it's a string array
if oid == 705:
oid = 25
# Use binary ARRAY format to avoid having to properly
# escape text in the array literals
fc = FC_BINARY
array_oid = pg_array_types[oid]
except KeyError:
raise ArrayContentNotSupportedError(
"oid " + str(oid) + " not supported as array contents")
except NotSupportedError:
raise ArrayContentNotSupportedError(
"type " + str(typ) + " not supported as array contents")
if fc == FC_BINARY:
def send_array(arr):
# check for homogenous array
for a, i, v in walk_array(arr):
if not isinstance(v, (typ, type(None))):
raise ArrayContentNotHomogenousError(
"not all array elements are of type " + str(typ))
# check that all array dimensions are consistent
array_check_dimensions(arr)
has_null = array_has_null(arr)
dim_lengths = array_dim_lengths(arr)
data = bytearray(iii_pack(len(dim_lengths), has_null, oid))
for i in dim_lengths:
data.extend(ii_pack(i, 1))
for v in array_flatten(arr):
if v is None:
data += i_pack(-1)
else:
inner_data = send_func(v)
data += i_pack(len(inner_data))
data += inner_data
return data
else:
def send_array(arr):
for a, i, v in walk_array(arr):
if not isinstance(v, (typ, type(None))):
raise ArrayContentNotHomogenousError(
"not all array elements are of type " + str(typ))
array_check_dimensions(arr)
ar = deepcopy(arr)
for a, i, v in walk_array(ar):
if v is None:
a[i] = 'NULL'
else:
a[i] = send_func(v).decode('ascii')
return u(str(ar)).translate(arr_trans).encode('ascii')
return (array_oid, fc, send_array)
def xid(self, format_id, global_transaction_id, branch_qualifier):
"""Create a Transaction IDs (only global_transaction_id is used in pg)
format_id and branch_qualifier are not used in postgres
global_transaction_id may be any string identifier supported by
postgres returns a tuple
(format_id, global_transaction_id, branch_qualifier)"""
return (format_id, global_transaction_id, branch_qualifier)
def tpc_begin(self, xid):
"""Begins a TPC transaction with the given transaction ID xid.
This method should be called outside of a transaction (i.e. nothing may
have executed since the last .commit() or .rollback()).
Furthermore, it is an error to call .commit() or .rollback() within the
TPC transaction. A ProgrammingError is raised, if the application calls
.commit() or .rollback() during an active TPC transaction.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
self._xid = xid
if self.autocommit:
self.execute(self._cursor, "begin transaction", None)
def tpc_prepare(self):
"""Performs the first phase of a transaction started with .tpc_begin().
A ProgrammingError is be raised if this method is called outside of a
TPC transaction.
After calling .tpc_prepare(), no statements can be executed until
.tpc_commit() or .tpc_rollback() have been called.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
q = "PREPARE TRANSACTION '%s';" % (self._xid[1],)
self.execute(self._cursor, q, None)
def tpc_commit(self, xid=None):
"""When called with no arguments, .tpc_commit() commits a TPC
transaction previously prepared with .tpc_prepare().
If .tpc_commit() is called prior to .tpc_prepare(), a single phase
commit is performed. A transaction manager may choose to do this if
only a single resource is participating in the global transaction.
When called with a transaction ID xid, the database commits the given
transaction. If an invalid transaction ID is provided, a
ProgrammingError will be raised. This form should be called outside of
a transaction, and is intended for use in recovery.
On return, the TPC transaction is ended.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
if xid is None:
xid = self._xid
if xid is None:
raise ProgrammingError(
"Cannot tpc_commit() without a TPC transaction!")
try:
previous_autocommit_mode = self.autocommit
self.autocommit = True
if xid in self.tpc_recover():
self.execute(
self._cursor, "COMMIT PREPARED '%s';" % (xid[1], ),
None)
else:
# a single-phase commit
self.commit()
finally:
self.autocommit = previous_autocommit_mode
self._xid = None
def tpc_rollback(self, xid=None):
"""When called with no arguments, .tpc_rollback() rolls back a TPC
transaction. It may be called before or after .tpc_prepare().
When called with a transaction ID xid, it rolls back the given
transaction. If an invalid transaction ID is provided, a
ProgrammingError is raised. This form should be called outside of a
transaction, and is intended for use in recovery.
On return, the TPC transaction is ended.
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
if xid is None:
xid = self._xid
if xid is None:
raise ProgrammingError(
"Cannot tpc_rollback() without a TPC prepared transaction!")
try:
previous_autocommit_mode = self.autocommit
self.autocommit = True
if xid in self.tpc_recover():
# a two-phase rollback
self.execute(
self._cursor, "ROLLBACK PREPARED '%s';" % (xid[1],),
None)
else:
# a single-phase rollback
self.rollback()
finally:
self.autocommit = previous_autocommit_mode
self._xid = None
def tpc_recover(self):
"""Returns a list of pending transaction IDs suitable for use with
.tpc_commit(xid) or .tpc_rollback(xid).
This function is part of the `DBAPI 2.0 specification
<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_.
"""
try:
previous_autocommit_mode = self.autocommit
self.autocommit = True
curs = self.cursor()
curs.execute("select gid FROM pg_prepared_xacts")
return [self.xid(0, row[0], '') for row in curs]
finally:
self.autocommit = previous_autocommit_mode
# pg element oid -> pg array typeoid
pg_array_types = {
16: 1000,
25: 1009, # TEXT[]
701: 1022,
1700: 1231, # NUMERIC[]
}
# PostgreSQL encodings:
# http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/interactive/multibyte.html
# Python encodings:
# http://www.python.org/doc/2.4/lib/standard-encodings.html
#
# Commented out encodings don't require a name change between PostgreSQL and
# Python. If the py side is None, then the encoding isn't supported.
pg_to_py_encodings = {
# Not supported:
"mule_internal": None,
"euc_tw": None,
# Name fine as-is:
# "euc_jp",
# "euc_jis_2004",
# "euc_kr",
# "gb18030",
# "gbk",
# "johab",
# "sjis",
# "shift_jis_2004",
# "uhc",
# "utf8",
# Different name:
"euc_cn": "gb2312",
"iso_8859_5": "is8859_5",
"iso_8859_6": "is8859_6",
"iso_8859_7": "is8859_7",
"iso_8859_8": "is8859_8",
"koi8": "koi8_r",
"latin1": "iso8859-1",
"latin2": "iso8859_2",
"latin3": "iso8859_3",
"latin4": "iso8859_4",
"latin5": "iso8859_9",
"latin6": "iso8859_10",
"latin7": "iso8859_13",
"latin8": "iso8859_14",
"latin9": "iso8859_15",
"sql_ascii": "ascii",
"win866": "cp886",
"win874": "cp874",
"win1250": "cp1250",
"win1251": "cp1251",
"win1252": "cp1252",
"win1253": "cp1253",
"win1254": "cp1254",
"win1255": "cp1255",
"win1256": "cp1256",
"win1257": "cp1257",
"win1258": "cp1258",
"unicode": "utf-8", # Needed for Amazon Redshift
}
def walk_array(arr):
for i, v in enumerate(arr):
if isinstance(v, list):
for a, i2, v2 in walk_array(v):
yield a, i2, v2
else:
yield arr, i, v
def array_find_first_element(arr):
for v in array_flatten(arr):
if v is not None:
return v
return None
def array_flatten(arr):
for v in arr:
if isinstance(v, list):
for v2 in array_flatten(v):
yield v2
else:
yield v
def array_check_dimensions(arr):
v0 = arr[0]
if isinstance(v0, list):
req_len = len(v0)
req_inner_lengths = array_check_dimensions(v0)
for v in arr:
inner_lengths = array_check_dimensions(v)
if len(v) != req_len or inner_lengths != req_inner_lengths:
raise ArrayDimensionsNotConsistentError(
"array dimensions not consistent")
retval = [req_len]
retval.extend(req_inner_lengths)
return retval
else:
# make sure nothing else at this level is a list
for v in arr:
if isinstance(v, list):
raise ArrayDimensionsNotConsistentError(
"array dimensions not consistent")
return []
def array_has_null(arr):
for v in array_flatten(arr):
if v is None:
return True
return False
def array_dim_lengths(arr):
v0 = arr[0]
if isinstance(v0, list):
retval = [len(v0)]
retval.extend(array_dim_lengths(v0))
else:
return [len(arr)]
return retval