Citation :

Amandeep Kaur, Charanjit Singh, Amanpreet Sandhu, "Design and Energy Dissipation Analysis of an Interaction-Region based Single-Polarity Reconfigurable XOR/XNOR Gate for Quantum Dot Cellular Automata," International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 16-24, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V13I10P102

Abstract

As Quantum Dot Cellular Automata is emerging as a promising alternative to CMOS technology for nanoscale designs, there is always a necessity for realization of compact and energy-efficient designs that perform reconfigurable logic. This paper shows a single-polarity, reconfigurable interaction-region based XOR/XNOR gate which eliminates the conventional majority-gate based structures by utilization of localized electrostatic interactions within a compact cell layout design. The proposed layout design performs dual functions, XOR or XNOR, using the same layout by varying the polarization of the control cell from -1 to +1, and thus performs dual operations without the requirement of additional hardware or structural modifications. Functional correctness of the proposed XOR/XNOR design is verified by using QCA Designer 2.0.3 under a bistable simulation engine, and energy dissipation analysis was performed using QCA Designer-E using Coherence energy vector simulation engine using both Euler’s method and Runge-Kutta method. The proposed design utilizes an overall area of 0.01μm2 with a latency of 0.5 clock cycles and 9 overall cells with output polarization of 0.965. By comparing the performance parameters of the proposed XOR/XNOR design with existing designs, it shows a reduction in cell count by 71.88% and an improvement in latency by 75%. Additionally, energy dissipation analysis was performed by using Euler’s method and Runge-Kutta method, and comparative performance of energy dissipation was performed using different signals, Cos, Ramp and Gauss clock signals. The proposed design records a Total energy dissipation of 6.75×10-3 eV and 7.12×10-3 eV under Gaussian excitation with an Average energy value of 6.14×10-4 eV and 6.47×10-4 eV, and thus validates stable low-power operation. The results recorded in this work indicate that the proposed interaction-region based design architecture provides an efficient solution for the implementation of compact, programmable and energy-efficient QCA-based circuits for future nanocomputing applications.

Keywords

Single-Polarity, Interaction-Region based, Reconfigurable, Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta method.

References

1. R.R. Schaller, “Moore's Law: Past, Present and Future,” IEEE Spectrum, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 52-59, 1997.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
2. Konrad Walus, and Graham A. Jullien, “Design Tools for an Emerging SoC Technology: Quantum Dot Cellular Automata,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 1225-1244, 2006.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
3. Craig S. Lent, and Douglas Tougaw, “A Device Architecture for Computing with Quantum Dots,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 541-557, 1997.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
4. E.N. Ganesh, Lal Kishore, and M.J.S. Rangachar, “Analysis of Energy Dissipation and Point Charge Effects in Quantum Cellular Automata Circuits,” International Journal of Nano Technology and Applications, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25-46, 2008.
   [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
5. Shadi Sheikhfaal et al., “Designing Efficient QCA Logical Circuits with Power Dissipation Analysis,” Microelectronics Journal, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 462-471, 2015.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
6. Amir Mokhtar Chabi et al., “Efficient QCA Exclusive-OR and Multiplexer Circuits based on a Nanoelectronics Compatible Designing Approach,” International Scholarly Research Notices, vol. 2014, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2014.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
7. Firdous Ahmad, Ghulam Mohiuddin Bhat, and Peer Zahoor Ahmad, “Novel Adder Circuits based on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA),” Circuits and Systems, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 142-152, 2014.
   [Google Scholar]
8. Nuriddinsafoev, Jin-Seong Lee, and Jun-Cheol Jeon, “QCA XOR Gate for Arithmetic and Logic Circuit Design” International Journal of Advanced Computational Engineering and Networking, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 19-22, 2017.
   [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
9. Bassam A. Salih, Ali H. Majeed, and Alaa A. Aldhalemi, “Designing of a Dual-Functional XOR Block in QCA Technology,” Open Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 844-849, 2022.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
10. Radhouane Laajimi et al., “A Novel Design for XOR Gate used for Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) to Create a Revolution in Nanotechnology Structure,” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA), vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 380-387, 2017.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
11. Bandan Kumar Bhoi, and Aditya Kumar Hota, “Optimized Logic Gate Design using QCA,” International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1111-1113, 2024.
    [CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
12. Yanmin Wu, and Teng Li, “Toward Quantum Computers by Designing a New Nano-Scale Arithmetic and Logic Unit,” Optik, vol. 271, pp. 1-7, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
13. M.M. Abutaleb, “A Unique Cell-based Configuration of XOR Gates in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology,” 2019 IEEE International Conference on Sensors and Nanotechnology, Penang, Malaysia, pp.1-4, 2019.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
14. Smita C. Chetti, and Omkar Yatgal, “QCA: A Survey and Design of Logic Circuits,” Global Transition Proceedings, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 142-148, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]