Call For Paper - Upcoming Conferences
Research Article | Open Access | Download PDF
Volume 12 | Issue 1 | Year 2026 | Article Id. IJMSE-V12I1P102 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/23948884/IJMSE-V12I1P102

Effect of Eggshell Particles on Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aluminium Beverage Cans

Victor O. Hammed, Taopheeck T. Yusuf, Abdulrahman M. Hassan, Azeez A. Bankole, Ibitoye S. Ademola

Received Revised Accepted Published
17 Feb 2026 22 Mar 2026 10 Apr 2026 28 Apr 2026

Citation :

Victor O. Hammed, Taopheeck T. Yusuf, Abdulrahman M. Hassan, Azeez A. Bankole, Ibitoye S. Ademola, "Effect of Eggshell Particles on Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aluminium Beverage Cans," International Journal of Material Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 8-23, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23948884/IJMSE-V12I1P102

Abstract

The study investigated the effect of pulverized Eggshell (ES) particles on the mechanical properties of recycled aluminium beverage cans. This involved melting and alloying aluminium beverage cans with ES particles at weight percentages [2% - 10%], at intervals of 2%, and casting the alloyed aluminium into cylindrical rods of 200 mm X 20 mm. Subsequently, this was machined into standard test specimens for testing tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength. Elemental and microstructural compositional analyses were also conducted. Results showed a tensile strength of 108 MPa for the control sample. This decreased with additional 2 wt%, 4 wt%, and 6 wt% eggshell particles, but increased with 8 wt% and 10 wt% additions, achieving a maximum of 133 MPa at 8 wt%. The values of Brinell hardness increased slightly with 2 wt% and 4 wt% ES, but showed a sharp decline at 6 wt%. It increased significantly with 8 wt% and 10 wt% ES. Inversely, impact strength values decreased with increasing eggshell content. The study concluded that ES particles, primarily composed of calcium, combined with aluminium to form an intermetallic compound known as Al4Ca, are effective as a grain refiner when ES content is between 8-10 wt%. Thus, hardness and tensile strength are improved while minimising impact toughness.

Keywords

Recycling, Eggshell, Aluminium Beverage Cans, Environmental Sustainability.

References

  1. S. Abdul, “Investigations on Flow Characteristics and Particulate Distributions in Gyro casting of Metal Matrix Composites,” Doctoral Dissertation, 2019.
    [    Google Scholar]
  2. E. Adabifiroozjaei, “Interaction of BaAl2Si2O8 and CaAl2Si2O8 with Al Alloys at Different Temperatures,” Doctoral Dissertation, 2017.
    [    Google Scholar]
  3. J.O. Agunsoye et al., “Recycled Aluminum Cans/Eggshell Composites: Evaluation of Mechanical and Wear Resistance Properties,” Tribology in Industry, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 107-116, 2015.
    [    Google Scholar]
  4. Y. Ahmad, Oxidation of Graphite and Metallurgical Coke: A Numerical Study with an Experimental Approach, 2016.
    [    Google Scholar]
  5. Darem Ahmad et al., “Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Materials and their Applications,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 40, no. 22, pp. 2686-2725, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  6. Ain U. Md Shah et al., “A Review on the Tensile Properties of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,” BioResources, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 10654-10676, 2016.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  7. Torgom Akopyan, Nikolay Belov, and Evgenia Naumova, Calcium-Containing Aluminum Alloys, 1st ed., Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys, Two-Volume Set, pp. 192-206, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  8. A.M. Rajesh et al., “Material Characterization of SiC and Al2O3–Reinforced Hybrid Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites on Wear Behavior,” Advanced Composites Letters, vol. 28, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  9. Ronald W. Armstrong et al., “Hall–Petch Relationship in Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys,” Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys, Two-Volume Set, CRC Press, pp. 1104-1122, 2018.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  10. S. Arunkumar et al., “Optimization of Wear Behaviour of Al7075 Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites using Taguchi Approach,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 33, pp. 570-577, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  11. Eleni C. Arvaniti et al., “Determination of Particle Size, Surface Area, and Shape of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Different Techniques,” Materials and Structures, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 3687-3701, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  12. N. Balasubramanian, and Terence G. Langdon, “The Strength–Grain Size Relationship in Ultrafine-Grained Metals,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 5827-5838, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  13. Faranak Barandehfard et al., “Improving Corrosion Resistance of Aluminosilicate Refractories Towards Molten Al-Mg Alloy Using Non-Wetting Additives: A Short Review,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 18, pp. 1-28, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  14. Matthew R. Barnett, Huan Wang, and Tingting Guo, “An Orowan Precipitate Strengthening Equation for Mechanical Twinning in Mg,” International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 112, pp. 108-122, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  15. V.E. Bazhenov, and M.A. Maguraz, “Effects of Si and Cu Contents on Grain Size of Al–Si–Cu Alloys,” Materials Science and Technology, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 1287-1294, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  16. Bello Sefiu Adekunle, “Development and Characterisation of Epoxy-Alumininum-Coconut Shell Particulate Hybrid Nanocomposite for Automobile Applications,” Doctoral Dissertation, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  17. Nikolay Aleksandrovich Belov, Evgenia Alexandrovna Naumova, and Torgom Karoevich Akopyan, “Effect of Calcium on Structure, Phase Composition and Hardening of Al-Zn-Mg Alloys Containing up to 12wt.% Zn,” Materials Research, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1384-1391, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  18. Himadri Borah, and Upakul Dutta, “Trends in Beverage Packaging,” Trends in Beverage Packaging, vol. 16, pp. 1-19, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  19. Viktoriya Boyko, “Characterization of the Structure and Precipitation Process in Al-Mg-Si and Al-Mg-Ge Casting Alloys,” Doctoral Dissertation, Technische Universität, 2015.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  20. Leslie Brooks et al., “Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Recycling: Challenges and Potential Technology Solutions,” Waste Management, vol. 85, pp. 519-528, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  21. Stefano Capuzzi, and Giulio Timelli, “Preparation and Melting of Scrap in Aluminum Recycling: A Review,” Metals, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1-24, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  22. Stefanie Chan et al., “SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, A Review of Research Needs,” Technical Annex to the Formas Report Forskning för Agenda, 2030.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  23. Atul H. Chokshi, “Grain Boundary Processes in Strengthening, Weakening, and Superplasticity,” Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 22, no. 1, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  24. James Michael Taylor Davies, “Effect of Titanium Diboride Particle Size on Al-Alloy Properties,” Doctoral Dissertation, University of Birmingham, 2017.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  25. Vicky Vi Thuy Doan-Nguyen, Form and Function: X-Ray Scattering and Spectroscopy of Transition Metal-Based Nanoparticles, University of Pennsylvania, 2015.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  26. Jennifer R. Dodson et al., “Bio-Derived Materials as a Green Route for Precious & Critical Metal Recovery and Re-Use,” Green Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1951-1965, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  27. Mobolaji Dudubo, “The Reverse Logistics of Beverage Containers-(A Case Study of Lagos, Nigeria),” Master’s Theses, 2017.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  28. Shashi Prakash Dwivedi, Satpal Sharma, and Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, “A Comparative Study of Waste Eggshells, CaCO₃, and SiC-Reinforced AA2014 Green Metal Matrix Composites,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 51, no. 17, pp. 2407-2421, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  29. S.K. Dwiwedi et al., “Eggshell-Reinforced Al6061 Matrix Composites,” 2018.
    [    Google Scholar]
  30. Williams S. Ebhota, and Tien-Chien Jen, “Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-X Alloys,” Intermetallic Compounds: Formation and Applications, 2018.
    [    Google Scholar]
  31. Reihaneh Etemadi et al., “On Porosity Formation in Metal Matrix Composites Made with Dual-Scale Fiber Reinforcements using Pressure Infiltration Process,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 2119-2133, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  32. Z. Fan et al., “Grain Refining Mechanism in the Al/Al–Ti–B System,” Acta Materialia, vol. 84, pp. 292-304, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  33. Wanlin Gao et al., “Industrial Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization: State of the Art and Future Challenges,” Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 49, no. 23, pp. 8584-8686, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  34. Pablo Garcia-Chevesich et al., “Inexpensive Organic Materials and their Applications towards Heavy Metal Attenuation in Waters from Southern Peru,” Water, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1-34, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  35. Meenu Gautam, Bhanu Pandey, and Madhoolika Agrawal, “Carbon Footprint of Aluminum Production: Emissions and Mitigation,” Environmental carbon footprints, pp. 197-228, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  36. Lindsay Greer, “Control of Grain Size in Solidification,” Solidification and Casting, CRC Press, pp. 199-247, 2016.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  37. Ren-Guo Guan, and Di Tie, “A Review on Grain Refinement of Aluminum Alloys: Progresses, Challenges and Prospects,” Acta Metallurgica Sinica, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 409-432, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  38. A. Hauksdóttir, “Geothermal Energy: Silica Precipitation and Utilization,” Doctoral Dissertation, 2016.
    [    Google Scholar]
  39. Mohammed T. Hayajneh, Mohammed A. Almomani, and Mu’ayyad M. Al-Shrida, “Effects of Waste Eggshells Addition on Microstructures, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Green Metal Matrix Composite,” Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 423-434, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  40. Javier Hidalgo, and Maria Jesus Santofimia, “Effect of Prior Austenite Grain Size Refinement by Thermal Cycling on the Microstructural Features of as-Quenched Lath Martensite,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 5288-5301, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  41. S. Hossain, and P.K. Roy, “Sustainable Ceramics Derived From Solid Wastes: A Review,” Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 984-1009, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  42. Zhong-tao Jiang et al., “Effect of Al₂Ca Intermetallic Compound Addition on Grain Refinement of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy,” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1284-1293, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  43. Z.B. Jiao, J.H. Luan, and C.T. Liu, “Strategies for Improving Ductility of Ordered Intermetallics,” Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  44. A. Juniarsih, S. Oediyani, and A.P. Zain, “The Effect of Flux’s Towards Mg Reduction from Aluminium Beverage Cans,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 478, no. 1, pp. 1-, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  45. Bhaskar Chandra Kandpal, Jatinder Kumar, and Hari Singh, “Manufacturing and Technological Challenges in Stir Casting of Metal Matrix Composites: A Review,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 5-10, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  46. Leiv Kolbeinsen, “The Beginning and the End of the Aluminium Value Chain,” Matériaux & Techniques, vol. 108, no. 5-6, pp. 1-22, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  47. V. Mahesh Kumar, and C.V. Venkatesh, “A Comprehensive Review on Material Selection, Processing, Characterization and Applications of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites,” Materials Research Express, vol. 6, no. 7, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  48. Jiehua Li et al., “Heterogeneous Nucleation of Al on AlB₂ in Al-7Si Alloy,” Materials Characterization, vol. 128, pp. 7-13, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  49. Jia Li et al., “Fine-Grain-Embedded Dislocation-Cell Structures for High Strength and Ductility in Additively Manufactured Steels,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 790, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  50. Pengwei Liu et al., “Insight into the Mechanisms of Columnar to Equiaxed Grain Transition during Metallic Additive Manufacturing,” Additive Manufacturing, vol. 26, pp. 22-29, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  51. Hong Liu et al., “Phase-Field Simulation of Orowan Strengthening by Coherent Precipitate Plates in an Aluminum Alloy,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 3287-3301, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  52. Aria Mansouri Tehrani et al., “Atomic Substitution to Balance Hardness, Ductility, and Sustainability in Molybdenum Tungsten Borocarbide,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 31, no. 18, pp. 7696-7703, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  53. Ana C. Marques et al., “Review on Adhesives and Surface Treatments for Structural Applications: Recent Developments on Sustainability and Implementation for Metal and Composite Substrates,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 24, pp. 1-43, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  54. V. Mohanavel et al., “Microstructural and Tribological Characteristics of AA6351/Si₃N₄ Composites Manufactured by Stir Casting,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 14662-14672, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  55. J.A. Monroe et al., “Tailored Thermal Expansion Alloys,” Acta Materialia, vol. 102, pp. 333-341, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  56. Innocent Mutsakatira, “The Effect of the Surface Condition of Aluminium Ingot (AA3003) during Roll Bonding with Clad Aluminium Alloy (AA4045) to form an Aluminium Brazing Material,” Master Thesis, 2020.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  57. E.A. Naumova et al., “Effect of Ca and Zn Alloying on the Structure and Properties of Al - 2.5% Mg alloy,” Non-Ferrous Metals, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 22-27, 2019.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  58. Monia Niero, and Stig Irving Olsen, “Circular Economy: To Be or Not to Be in a Closed Product Loop? A Life Cycle Assessment of Aluminium Cans with Inclusion of Alloying Elements,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 114, pp. 18-31, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  59. Gururaj Parande et al., “A Study on the Effect of Low-Cost Eggshell Reinforcement on the Immersion, Damping and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium–Zinc Alloy,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 182, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  60. Sathiskumar A. Ponnusami, Sergio Turteltaub, and Sybrand van der Zwaag, “Cohesive-Zone Modelling of Crack Nucleation and Propagation in Particulate Composites,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 149, pp. 170-190, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  61. Margarida J. Quina, Micaela A.R. Soares, and Rosa Quinta-Ferreira, “Applications of Industrial Eggshell as a Valuable Anthropogenic Resource,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 123, pp. 176-186, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  62. Felipe Robles Poblete, and Yong Zhu, “Interfacial Shear Stress Transfer at Nanowire-Polymer Interfaces with Van Der Waals Interactions and Chemical Bonding,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 127, pp. 191-207, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  63. Maria Cristina Santos Ribeiro et al., “Recycling Approach towards Sustainability Advance of Composite Materials’ Industry,” Recycling, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 178-193, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  64. S.O. Rogachev et al., “Structure and Mechanical Properties of Al–Ca Alloys Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 767, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  65. Shivangi Rohatgi et al., “Role of Undercooling and Effect of Solute Particles on Grain Refinement of Aluminium Alloys,” Indian Foundry Journal, vol. 62, pp. 31-37, 2015.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  66. Anna Sapota, “Aluminium Cans as a Source of End User’s Scrap,” Aluminium International Today, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 20-21, 2019.
    [    Google Scholar]
  67. Xavier Sauvage et al., “Understanding the Role of Ca Segregation on Thermal Stability, Electrical Resistivity and Mechanical Strength of Nanostructured Aluminum,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 798, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  68. Shahrukh Shamim et al., “Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Mg-Ti/Egg Shell Particulate Composites,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 2887-2892, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  69. A. Shashikala, “Aluminium an Important Metal for India's Sustainable and Circular Economy,” Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, vol. 10, pp. 6-16, 2020.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  70. Zoban Veer Singh, “Design and Evaluation of New Mixed-Matrix Membranes for CO₂/CH₄ Separations,” Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado Boulder, 2017.
    [    Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  71. Vi Kie Soo et al., “Sustainable Aluminium Recycling of End-of-Life Products: A Joining Techniques Perspective,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 178, pp. 119-132, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  72. D.H. John et al., “The Contribution of Constitutional Supercooling to Nucleation and Grain Formation,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 4868-4885, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  73. Philippe Maurice Stotz et al., “Environmental Screening of Novel Technologies to Increase Material Circularity: A Case Study on Aluminium Cans,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 127, pp. 96-106, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  74. Patrick T. Summers et al., “Overview of Aluminum Alloy Mechanical Properties During and After Fires,” Fire Science Reviews, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-36, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  75. Wenwen Sun et al., “Precipitation Strengthening of Aluminum Alloys by Room-Temperature Cyclic Plasticity,” Science, vol. 363, no. 6430, pp. 972-975, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  76. D.H. Thompson et al., “Interstitial-Mediated Dislocation Climb and the Weakening of Particle-Reinforced Alloys Under Irradiation,” Physical Review Materials, vol. 2, no. 8, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  77. Thijs van Westen, and Robert D. Groot, “Effect of Temperature Cycling on Ostwald Ripening,” Crystal Growth & Design, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 4952-4962,  2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  78. Marium Waheed et al., “Channelling Eggshell Waste to Valuable and Utilizable Products: A Comprehensive Review,” Trends in Food Science & Technology, vol. 106, pp. 78-90, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  79. Yachao Wang, and Jing Shi, “Engulfment and Distribution of Second-Phase Nanoparticle during Dendrite Solidification of an Al–Si Binary Alloy: A Simulation Study,” Applied Physics A, vol. 125, no. 6, 2019.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  80. Omar Bashir Wani et al., “Understanding the Wettability of Calcite (CaCO3) Using Higher Spatial Resolution,” Energy & Fuels, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 10344-10353, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  81. Chuandong Wu et al., “Influence of Particle Size and Spatial Distribution of B₄C Reinforcement on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Precipitation Strengthened Al Alloy Matrix Composites,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 675, pp. 421-430, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  82. Jinghao Xu et al., “On the Strengthening and Embrittlement Mechanisms of an Additively Manufactured Nickel-Base Superalloy,” Materialia, vol. 10, pp. 1-13, 2020.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  83. Xiaomin Yuan et al., “Effects of Particle Size and Distribution of the Sizing Agent on Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites Interfacial Adhesion,” Polymer Composites, vol. 39, no. S4, pp. E2036-E2045, 2018.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  84. Yu Zhang et al., “The Influences of Al Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast Mg-6Zn Magnesium Alloys,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 686, pp. 93-101, 2017.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]